2023 Vol. 14, No. 6
2023, 14(6): 585-592.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220089
Abstract
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Abstract:
A survey ofPinus latteri community in Bawangling Ridge, Hainan was made by using sample plotting, and the species composition, geographic composition, community structure, and species diversity ofthe P. latteri community were analyzed to have clear understanding of the community structure and species diversity of P. latteri therein. The survey indicated that the P. latteri community in Bawangling is rich in plant species and composed of 66 families, 146 genera, and 230 species, with Lauraceae, Euphoribiaceae, Rubiaceae as dominant families and P. latteri Mason, Psychotria asiatica, and Aporosa dioica as dominant species. Dominating genus is not immediately apparent. The species diversity of the P. latteri community is different and varies along the altitudinal gradient, where the species richness index decreased with the rise of the altitude, and the Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou index decreased and then increased with the rise of the altitude. TheP. latteri community has extensive phytogeographic associations, with its tropical distribution being dominant and containing one endemic genus Cunninghamia. The P. latteri community has a complex structure with a typical inverted "J" shape in diameter and height distribution, and the diameter and tree height of P. latteri in the community are bell-shaped in structure, indicating that the P. latteri community is high in stability with good regeneration and can hence have a steady succession.
A survey ofPinus latteri community in Bawangling Ridge, Hainan was made by using sample plotting, and the species composition, geographic composition, community structure, and species diversity ofthe P. latteri community were analyzed to have clear understanding of the community structure and species diversity of P. latteri therein. The survey indicated that the P. latteri community in Bawangling is rich in plant species and composed of 66 families, 146 genera, and 230 species, with Lauraceae, Euphoribiaceae, Rubiaceae as dominant families and P. latteri Mason, Psychotria asiatica, and Aporosa dioica as dominant species. Dominating genus is not immediately apparent. The species diversity of the P. latteri community is different and varies along the altitudinal gradient, where the species richness index decreased with the rise of the altitude, and the Shannon-Wiener index, and Pielou index decreased and then increased with the rise of the altitude. TheP. latteri community has extensive phytogeographic associations, with its tropical distribution being dominant and containing one endemic genus Cunninghamia. The P. latteri community has a complex structure with a typical inverted "J" shape in diameter and height distribution, and the diameter and tree height of P. latteri in the community are bell-shaped in structure, indicating that the P. latteri community is high in stability with good regeneration and can hence have a steady succession.
2023, 14(6): 593-601.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220103
Abstract:
The structure and function of seagrass ecosystems were changed and the diversity and service function of the seagrass ecosystems were affected by the top-down regulation of herbivorous effects on the seagrass. Different herbivores have different effects on resource allocation of the above ground and below ground parts of the seagrasses due to their different feeding capacity. Thalassia hemprichii, a dominant seagrass in Hainan Province, was selected to simulate the response of functional traits (root-shoot ratio, biomass and element content) to herbivoring effects on T. hemprichii by setting up isolation cage in situ and placing chemical expellant (Sevin) to exclude feeding effects of different consumers on the seagrass. The results showed that the root-shoot ratio of the seagrass T. hemprichii increased with time, but there was no significant difference in root-shoot ratio between different treatments. Grazing by consumers reduced the biomass of T. hemprichii. The above ground biomass of T. hemprichii in the treatment (MF) with exclusion of two consumers, both gastropods and fish, was higher than that of the blank control treatment (CK) without excluding consumers. Herbivory increased the above ground seagrass allocation ratio of organic carbon and total nitrogen to maintain normal growth of T. hemprichii, but the herbivorous impact on the total phosphorus content was not significant (P>0.05). In general, herbivorous effects increased the root-shoot ratio and regulated the allocation of biomass, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in above ground and below ground parts of T. hemprichii, which was used to improve the absorption and assimilation rate of the resources, avoid grazing by the consumers, and maintain the population of T. hemprichii.
The structure and function of seagrass ecosystems were changed and the diversity and service function of the seagrass ecosystems were affected by the top-down regulation of herbivorous effects on the seagrass. Different herbivores have different effects on resource allocation of the above ground and below ground parts of the seagrasses due to their different feeding capacity. Thalassia hemprichii, a dominant seagrass in Hainan Province, was selected to simulate the response of functional traits (root-shoot ratio, biomass and element content) to herbivoring effects on T. hemprichii by setting up isolation cage in situ and placing chemical expellant (Sevin) to exclude feeding effects of different consumers on the seagrass. The results showed that the root-shoot ratio of the seagrass T. hemprichii increased with time, but there was no significant difference in root-shoot ratio between different treatments. Grazing by consumers reduced the biomass of T. hemprichii. The above ground biomass of T. hemprichii in the treatment (MF) with exclusion of two consumers, both gastropods and fish, was higher than that of the blank control treatment (CK) without excluding consumers. Herbivory increased the above ground seagrass allocation ratio of organic carbon and total nitrogen to maintain normal growth of T. hemprichii, but the herbivorous impact on the total phosphorus content was not significant (P>0.05). In general, herbivorous effects increased the root-shoot ratio and regulated the allocation of biomass, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in above ground and below ground parts of T. hemprichii, which was used to improve the absorption and assimilation rate of the resources, avoid grazing by the consumers, and maintain the population of T. hemprichii.
2023, 14(6): 602-613.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230059
Abstract:
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and biosphere-atmosphere interaction. They will be affected by various environmental factors including ozone. Changes in tropospheric O3 concentration caused by global climate change will lead to unknown changes in BVOCs emissions. In order to reveal the short-term effect of O3 concentration change on BVOCs emissions and explore the relationship between BVOCs emissions and photosynthetic parameters, 1-year-old seedlings of Ficus virens and Ficus concinna were treated through open top chamber (OTC) with O3 at three atmospheric concentrations in an ozone fumigation experiment, including normal atmospheric concentration of O3 as control group, normal atmospheric concentration plus 40 nmol·mol−1 of O3 as low concentration group, and normal atmospheric concentration plus 80 nmol·mol−1 of O3 as high concentration group. The BVOCs emissions from Ficus seedlings were isolated and identified by thermal desorption and GC-MS, and the data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed except that the oxygenated monoterpenes (OTs) emissions were significantly promoted by the low O3 concentration group in the above and under the ground of the seedlings of two Ficus species, the other components of BVOCs emissions significantly decreased after the short-term O3 stress. Photosynthetic parameters had different correlations with the emission rates of each component of BVOCs. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were significantly positively correlated with the above ground BVOCs emissions, while Pn and soil respiration rate (Rs) were the major factors affecting the underground BVOCs emissions. In most cases, the ratio of carbon emitted as BVOCs to that assimilated by photosynthesis (the ratio of BVOC-C loss) of the seedlings of two Ficus species were significantly reduced. Only after low concentration of O3 stress, the ratio of BVOC-C loss of the above ground F. virens seedlings increased. This experiment revealed the response of Ficus seedlings under O3 stress and the changing rules of BVOCs emissions, which is of great significance to understand the change characteristics and response mechanisms of BVOCs emissions from Ficus seedlings under changes of environmental air quality, and to evaluate the change characteristics in the environmental quality of green spaces in key urban areas.
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and biosphere-atmosphere interaction. They will be affected by various environmental factors including ozone. Changes in tropospheric O3 concentration caused by global climate change will lead to unknown changes in BVOCs emissions. In order to reveal the short-term effect of O3 concentration change on BVOCs emissions and explore the relationship between BVOCs emissions and photosynthetic parameters, 1-year-old seedlings of Ficus virens and Ficus concinna were treated through open top chamber (OTC) with O3 at three atmospheric concentrations in an ozone fumigation experiment, including normal atmospheric concentration of O3 as control group, normal atmospheric concentration plus 40 nmol·mol−1 of O3 as low concentration group, and normal atmospheric concentration plus 80 nmol·mol−1 of O3 as high concentration group. The BVOCs emissions from Ficus seedlings were isolated and identified by thermal desorption and GC-MS, and the data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed except that the oxygenated monoterpenes (OTs) emissions were significantly promoted by the low O3 concentration group in the above and under the ground of the seedlings of two Ficus species, the other components of BVOCs emissions significantly decreased after the short-term O3 stress. Photosynthetic parameters had different correlations with the emission rates of each component of BVOCs. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were significantly positively correlated with the above ground BVOCs emissions, while Pn and soil respiration rate (Rs) were the major factors affecting the underground BVOCs emissions. In most cases, the ratio of carbon emitted as BVOCs to that assimilated by photosynthesis (the ratio of BVOC-C loss) of the seedlings of two Ficus species were significantly reduced. Only after low concentration of O3 stress, the ratio of BVOC-C loss of the above ground F. virens seedlings increased. This experiment revealed the response of Ficus seedlings under O3 stress and the changing rules of BVOCs emissions, which is of great significance to understand the change characteristics and response mechanisms of BVOCs emissions from Ficus seedlings under changes of environmental air quality, and to evaluate the change characteristics in the environmental quality of green spaces in key urban areas.
2023, 14(6): 614-621.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230008
Abstract:
An attempt was made to analyze the impact of a split root treatment using two forms of nitrogen on efficiency of two varieties of cassava ('SC16' and 'SC205') in using nitrogen. Cassava roots were treated unilaterally with nitrogen (-N/+N) or bilaterally with nitrogen (+N/+N), and the differences in agronomic traits (biomass, plant height, root length, etc.) and nitrogen physiological indicators (nitrogen content, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen physiological use efficiency) between the cassava varieties SC16 and SC205 under different nitrogen sources (NO3−, NH4+) after one month of split root treatment were compared to find out the effect of split root treatment with two N forms on nitrogen use efficiency of the two cassava varieties. The results showed that the reduced total N application to cassava by half (-N /+N) did not affect the shoot/root ratio and whole plant weight, but promoted cassava plant height and at the same time increased obviously the root nitrogen accumulation, the ratio of nitrogen to root and the nitrogen use efficiency. The root development of the cassava on the N-added side was inhibited in the -N/NH4+ treatment. Conversely, the –N/NO3− root-split treatment resulted in better root morphology on the NO3−-side, and it also increased shoot N accumulation and root N use efficiency. Under the unilateral root-split treatment with the same nitrogen source, the plant height, the biomass of shoot and root, the nitrogen accumulation of root and shoot, and root morphology of SC205 were better than those of SC16. The nitrogen use efficiency of the -N/NO3− treated SC205 was higher than that of SC16 in the shoot and root, while the nitrogen use efficiency of the -N/NH4+-treated SC205 was lower than that of SC16. All these results showed that unilateral root-split treatment with two forms of nitrogen at a half-reduced rate could improve the N use efficiency of the two varieties of cassava. The unilateral split root treatment with nitrate nitrogen was more conducive to the growth of SC16 and SC205 at the seedling stage, and SC205 under this treatment had higher nitrogen efficiency and better growth compared to SC16.
An attempt was made to analyze the impact of a split root treatment using two forms of nitrogen on efficiency of two varieties of cassava ('SC16' and 'SC205') in using nitrogen. Cassava roots were treated unilaterally with nitrogen (-N/+N) or bilaterally with nitrogen (+N/+N), and the differences in agronomic traits (biomass, plant height, root length, etc.) and nitrogen physiological indicators (nitrogen content, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen physiological use efficiency) between the cassava varieties SC16 and SC205 under different nitrogen sources (NO3−, NH4+) after one month of split root treatment were compared to find out the effect of split root treatment with two N forms on nitrogen use efficiency of the two cassava varieties. The results showed that the reduced total N application to cassava by half (-N /+N) did not affect the shoot/root ratio and whole plant weight, but promoted cassava plant height and at the same time increased obviously the root nitrogen accumulation, the ratio of nitrogen to root and the nitrogen use efficiency. The root development of the cassava on the N-added side was inhibited in the -N/NH4+ treatment. Conversely, the –N/NO3− root-split treatment resulted in better root morphology on the NO3−-side, and it also increased shoot N accumulation and root N use efficiency. Under the unilateral root-split treatment with the same nitrogen source, the plant height, the biomass of shoot and root, the nitrogen accumulation of root and shoot, and root morphology of SC205 were better than those of SC16. The nitrogen use efficiency of the -N/NO3− treated SC205 was higher than that of SC16 in the shoot and root, while the nitrogen use efficiency of the -N/NH4+-treated SC205 was lower than that of SC16. All these results showed that unilateral root-split treatment with two forms of nitrogen at a half-reduced rate could improve the N use efficiency of the two varieties of cassava. The unilateral split root treatment with nitrate nitrogen was more conducive to the growth of SC16 and SC205 at the seedling stage, and SC205 under this treatment had higher nitrogen efficiency and better growth compared to SC16.
2023, 14(6): 622-627.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230082
Abstract:
In order to establish a genetic transformation method (fast-treated agrobacterium co-culture (Fast-TrACC), for regeneration of Momordica charantia, the seedlings were used to be induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the development regulator DR. The regenerated plants were confirmed by fluorescence observation for target gene DsRed and PCR molecular detection, and the positive rate was also calculated. The results showed that the concentration of A. tumefaciens plays an important role on the regeneration rate of plants, with the highest regeneration efficiency of 33.33% at OD600 = 0.8. There were significant differences in regeneration efficiency between the two different genotypes, with an average efficiency being 26.67% and 4.70%, respectively. The two vectors containing AtGRF5 and TaGRF4-OsGIF1 were both effective for the regeneration of M. charantia, with the highest positive rate of 10.00% confirmed by fluorescence observation and PCR molecular detection. The establishment of this method might provide a new solution for the subsequent gene editing of genetically transformed recalcitrant vegetable crops.
In order to establish a genetic transformation method (fast-treated agrobacterium co-culture (Fast-TrACC), for regeneration of Momordica charantia, the seedlings were used to be induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the development regulator DR. The regenerated plants were confirmed by fluorescence observation for target gene DsRed and PCR molecular detection, and the positive rate was also calculated. The results showed that the concentration of A. tumefaciens plays an important role on the regeneration rate of plants, with the highest regeneration efficiency of 33.33% at OD600 = 0.8. There were significant differences in regeneration efficiency between the two different genotypes, with an average efficiency being 26.67% and 4.70%, respectively. The two vectors containing AtGRF5 and TaGRF4-OsGIF1 were both effective for the regeneration of M. charantia, with the highest positive rate of 10.00% confirmed by fluorescence observation and PCR molecular detection. The establishment of this method might provide a new solution for the subsequent gene editing of genetically transformed recalcitrant vegetable crops.
2023, 14(6): 628-635.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220126
Abstract:
To provide more basis and basic data for evaluating the diversity of litchi resources in Hainan, the variation of 6 qualitative traits and 9 quantitative traits in the leaves of 193 accessions of litchi germplasm were analyzed by using correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the diversity indexes of 6 qualitative traits, i. e., leaflet orientation, leaflet shape, leaf base shape, leaf tip shape, leaf posture and leaf edge shape, were all greater than 1, indicating that the tested accessions had large variations in these traits. Only the leaf base shape had a significant correlation with the leaflet shape and the leaf tip shape among the 6 qualitative traits. Within the 9 quantitative traits, leaf area had the highest coefficient of variation (21.74%), and specific leaf weight had the lowest one (11.31%). All the indexes had significant or highly significant correlation with each other, except for the leaf shape index, which had no significant correlation with several traits. The cluster analysis showed that the 193 accesions of litchi germplasm could be divided into 4 categories, including 7 accesions in the first category, which had the thickest and broadest leaflets. There were 40 samples in category II, with the lowest specific leaf weight, and the values of the other leaf traits were only inferior to those of category I. Category III contained 10 accessions, which belong to germplasm with narrow and thin leaves, and their specific leaf weight was the highest. Category IV had 136 accessions, which were in the intermediate state of all the resources, and their leaf traits varied greatly. These results indicated that the diversity of leaf traits of litchi in Hainan is abundant, which can be used to evaluate the diversity of litchi gemplasm.
To provide more basis and basic data for evaluating the diversity of litchi resources in Hainan, the variation of 6 qualitative traits and 9 quantitative traits in the leaves of 193 accessions of litchi germplasm were analyzed by using correlation analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the diversity indexes of 6 qualitative traits, i. e., leaflet orientation, leaflet shape, leaf base shape, leaf tip shape, leaf posture and leaf edge shape, were all greater than 1, indicating that the tested accessions had large variations in these traits. Only the leaf base shape had a significant correlation with the leaflet shape and the leaf tip shape among the 6 qualitative traits. Within the 9 quantitative traits, leaf area had the highest coefficient of variation (21.74%), and specific leaf weight had the lowest one (11.31%). All the indexes had significant or highly significant correlation with each other, except for the leaf shape index, which had no significant correlation with several traits. The cluster analysis showed that the 193 accesions of litchi germplasm could be divided into 4 categories, including 7 accesions in the first category, which had the thickest and broadest leaflets. There were 40 samples in category II, with the lowest specific leaf weight, and the values of the other leaf traits were only inferior to those of category I. Category III contained 10 accessions, which belong to germplasm with narrow and thin leaves, and their specific leaf weight was the highest. Category IV had 136 accessions, which were in the intermediate state of all the resources, and their leaf traits varied greatly. These results indicated that the diversity of leaf traits of litchi in Hainan is abundant, which can be used to evaluate the diversity of litchi gemplasm.
2023, 14(6): 636-641.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220085
Abstract:
In order to improve the concentration and quality of genomic DNA extracted from the striped mealybug (Ferrisia virgata), the adults of the striped mealybug were collected on the same day and soaked in 95% alcohol for 7 days, and their genomic DNAs were extracted from a gradient of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 adults by using different combinations of two kits and three pre-treatment grinding methods. The concentration and OD value of the extracted genomic DNAs (A260/A280) were estimated and evaluated. The results showed that when 10 adults were used for extraction under the combination of TIANGEN kit and grinding pestle + grinding instrument as pretreatment, the concentration and quality of the genomic DNAs of the striped mealybug were high; the OD value (A260/A280) was 1.80-1.90; the gel band was clear. Compared with other combinations (1.95-2.20), this combination extracted genomic DNA with the least impurities and contamination.
In order to improve the concentration and quality of genomic DNA extracted from the striped mealybug (Ferrisia virgata), the adults of the striped mealybug were collected on the same day and soaked in 95% alcohol for 7 days, and their genomic DNAs were extracted from a gradient of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 adults by using different combinations of two kits and three pre-treatment grinding methods. The concentration and OD value of the extracted genomic DNAs (A260/A280) were estimated and evaluated. The results showed that when 10 adults were used for extraction under the combination of TIANGEN kit and grinding pestle + grinding instrument as pretreatment, the concentration and quality of the genomic DNAs of the striped mealybug were high; the OD value (A260/A280) was 1.80-1.90; the gel band was clear. Compared with other combinations (1.95-2.20), this combination extracted genomic DNA with the least impurities and contamination.
A putative mechanism underlining regulation of the virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae by XppI
2023, 14(6): 642-650.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230024
Abstract:
In order to uncover the roles of Xanthomonas peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (XppI) in the interaction between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and rice, we detected the isomerase activity of XppI in vitro, constructed the mutant and complementary strains of XppI by homologous recombination method, and analyzed the roles of XppI in growth, pathogenicity, extracellular enzyme activity and antioxidant ability of Xoo. The results showed that XppI had peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, and positively regulated the virulence and antioxidant ability of Xoo, but did not affect the growth and extracellular enzyme activities, which indicates that XppI may affect the ability of the causal agent Xoo to cope with oxygen stress in the host by regulating the conformation of antioxidation-related pathway proteins, thus enhancing the Xoo virulence.
In order to uncover the roles of Xanthomonas peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (XppI) in the interaction between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and rice, we detected the isomerase activity of XppI in vitro, constructed the mutant and complementary strains of XppI by homologous recombination method, and analyzed the roles of XppI in growth, pathogenicity, extracellular enzyme activity and antioxidant ability of Xoo. The results showed that XppI had peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, and positively regulated the virulence and antioxidant ability of Xoo, but did not affect the growth and extracellular enzyme activities, which indicates that XppI may affect the ability of the causal agent Xoo to cope with oxygen stress in the host by regulating the conformation of antioxidation-related pathway proteins, thus enhancing the Xoo virulence.
2023, 14(6): 651-659.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220105
Abstract:
It is of important basic data significance to understand the molecular structure and characteristics of opsin of Megalurothrips usitatus pest by cloning Rhodopsin gene of M. usitatus for further analysis of light environment differences. The full-length gene of the rhodopsin, MuRhodopsin, was cloned based on the transcriptome information of thrips. The sequence homology was compared using DNAMan 9.0 and SWISSMODEL software, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The full-length MuRhodopsin gene was 1140 bp, encoding 380 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 42.73 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.47. Sequence alignment and homology analysis showed that MuRhodopsin was rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins) with high homology with that of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi. The domain analysis showed that the protein had 7 transmembrane domains, including 1 G protein-coupled receptor family region, belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family, and contained 6 N- cardamoylation sites, 3 N- glycosylation sites, 3 casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and 4 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. The 322nd amino acid lysine (K) of the protein is an important binding site to chromophore (retinal), which is a typical opsin that can activate the IP3/Ca2+ signaling pathway and cause light-dependent depolarization reaction. The structure and function of Rhodopsin in M. usitatus were elucidated, providing a theoretical basis for further study of its visual pathway.
It is of important basic data significance to understand the molecular structure and characteristics of opsin of Megalurothrips usitatus pest by cloning Rhodopsin gene of M. usitatus for further analysis of light environment differences. The full-length gene of the rhodopsin, MuRhodopsin, was cloned based on the transcriptome information of thrips. The sequence homology was compared using DNAMan 9.0 and SWISSMODEL software, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. The full-length MuRhodopsin gene was 1140 bp, encoding 380 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 42.73 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.47. Sequence alignment and homology analysis showed that MuRhodopsin was rhabdomeric opsins (r-opsins) with high homology with that of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi. The domain analysis showed that the protein had 7 transmembrane domains, including 1 G protein-coupled receptor family region, belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family, and contained 6 N- cardamoylation sites, 3 N- glycosylation sites, 3 casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and 4 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. The 322nd amino acid lysine (K) of the protein is an important binding site to chromophore (retinal), which is a typical opsin that can activate the IP3/Ca2+ signaling pathway and cause light-dependent depolarization reaction. The structure and function of Rhodopsin in M. usitatus were elucidated, providing a theoretical basis for further study of its visual pathway.
2023, 14(6): 660-667.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230009
Abstract:
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is a worldwide fruit pest. Based on the transcriptome of D. suzukii, five metabolic detoxification genes were identified by using sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, structural domain analysis and conserved motif analyses. These five genes include ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCs), cytochrome P450 (CYPs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases (CarEs) and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGTs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CYPs genes were classified into four clans, CYP3, CYP4, CYP6 and CYP9, while ABCs genes fell into four clans, ABCC, ABCD, ABCF and ABCG. GSTs genes were classified into GST-Delta, GST-Epsilon, GST-Theta and GST-Zeta. The CarEs genes and UGTs genes of D. suzukii were the closest to those of Drosophila subpulchrella. Structural domain and conserved motif analyses showed that CYPs had a conserved P450 domain; ABCs had a conserved ABC2 domain; GSTs had a conserved GST domain; CarEs had a conserved Coestrases domain; UGTs had a conserved UDPGT domain. Conservative motifs of CYPs were EEGGKKRNDFLDLLJZLKKEG. Conservative motifs of ABCs were DCPSASNPADYIIE. Conservative motifs of GSTs were LYPKDLVKRAVVDQRLHFE.
Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is a worldwide fruit pest. Based on the transcriptome of D. suzukii, five metabolic detoxification genes were identified by using sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, structural domain analysis and conserved motif analyses. These five genes include ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCs), cytochrome P450 (CYPs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases (CarEs) and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGTs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CYPs genes were classified into four clans, CYP3, CYP4, CYP6 and CYP9, while ABCs genes fell into four clans, ABCC, ABCD, ABCF and ABCG. GSTs genes were classified into GST-Delta, GST-Epsilon, GST-Theta and GST-Zeta. The CarEs genes and UGTs genes of D. suzukii were the closest to those of Drosophila subpulchrella. Structural domain and conserved motif analyses showed that CYPs had a conserved P450 domain; ABCs had a conserved ABC2 domain; GSTs had a conserved GST domain; CarEs had a conserved Coestrases domain; UGTs had a conserved UDPGT domain. Conservative motifs of CYPs were EEGGKKRNDFLDLLJZLKKEG. Conservative motifs of ABCs were DCPSASNPADYIIE. Conservative motifs of GSTs were LYPKDLVKRAVVDQRLHFE.
2023, 14(6): 668-674.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220104
Abstract:
An attempt was made to explore the environmental quality and heavy metal contamination of agricultural land soil in Hainan Island. The surface soil samples from 133 agricultural lands in the whole island were collected to evaluate the soil heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in the study areas by using the geological accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method. The results showed that 83.46% of the soil sampling sites in the agricultural land of Hainan Island were unpolluted with low geological accumulation index of 8 heavy metals Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Hg and As, while 7.52% of the sampling sites were slightly polluted mainly by Cd, Cr and Cu, and 4.51% of the sampling sites were moderately polluted largely by Ni. The agricultural land soil in Hainan Island has a low contamination degree of heavy metals, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals was very low in all the sampling sites. The main potential hazardous element was Cd, and the sampling sites with moderate and heavy risk of Cd were 21.80% and 3.76%, accounting for the largest proportion of the heavy metals. This indicates the soil of agricultural land is enriched with Cd in some sampling sites. It is concluded that the soil environmental quality of agricultural land in Hainan Island is generally good, although some agricultural land in Hainan has moderate ecological risk of heavy metals in soil, mainly in the south of Ding'an County, the north of Chengmai County, and the junction of Changjiang County and Dongfang City.
An attempt was made to explore the environmental quality and heavy metal contamination of agricultural land soil in Hainan Island. The surface soil samples from 133 agricultural lands in the whole island were collected to evaluate the soil heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in the study areas by using the geological accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method. The results showed that 83.46% of the soil sampling sites in the agricultural land of Hainan Island were unpolluted with low geological accumulation index of 8 heavy metals Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Hg and As, while 7.52% of the sampling sites were slightly polluted mainly by Cd, Cr and Cu, and 4.51% of the sampling sites were moderately polluted largely by Ni. The agricultural land soil in Hainan Island has a low contamination degree of heavy metals, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals was very low in all the sampling sites. The main potential hazardous element was Cd, and the sampling sites with moderate and heavy risk of Cd were 21.80% and 3.76%, accounting for the largest proportion of the heavy metals. This indicates the soil of agricultural land is enriched with Cd in some sampling sites. It is concluded that the soil environmental quality of agricultural land in Hainan Island is generally good, although some agricultural land in Hainan has moderate ecological risk of heavy metals in soil, mainly in the south of Ding'an County, the north of Chengmai County, and the junction of Changjiang County and Dongfang City.
2023, 14(6): 675-680.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230058
Abstract:
To enhance the water quality and disease control during the intermediate culture process of Babylonia areolate, a recirculating aquaculture experiment with a 30-day cycle was conducted. The effects of different stocking densities on the growth performance, physiological enzyme activity, and water quality changes in the recirculating aquaculture system were analyzed. Results showed that when the stocking density exceeded 1.8×104 individuals·m−2, the survival rate, final shell length, daily average growth rate, and shell growth rate of the juveniles B. areolate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and that the activities of α-amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS), and pepsin (PPS) decreased significantly (P<0.01), while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the peaks of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite in the culture system significantly increased with the increase of stocking density (P<0.05). Taking into account the aquaculture production performance and unit area yield, the optimal stocking density for intermediate culture of B. areolata in the recirculating aquaculture system was 1.8×104 individuals·m−2.
To enhance the water quality and disease control during the intermediate culture process of Babylonia areolate, a recirculating aquaculture experiment with a 30-day cycle was conducted. The effects of different stocking densities on the growth performance, physiological enzyme activity, and water quality changes in the recirculating aquaculture system were analyzed. Results showed that when the stocking density exceeded 1.8×104 individuals·m−2, the survival rate, final shell length, daily average growth rate, and shell growth rate of the juveniles B. areolate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and that the activities of α-amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS), and pepsin (PPS) decreased significantly (P<0.01), while the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the peaks of ammonium nitrogen and nitrite in the culture system significantly increased with the increase of stocking density (P<0.05). Taking into account the aquaculture production performance and unit area yield, the optimal stocking density for intermediate culture of B. areolata in the recirculating aquaculture system was 1.8×104 individuals·m−2.
2023, 14(6): 681-687.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20220084
Abstract:
In order to investigate the effects of hypoxic-induced-factor-1α (HIF-1α) on the immune response of the hemolymph of Litopenaeus vannamei under hypoxia stress, dsRNA was injected into L. vannamei to interfere with the expression of HIF-1α gene under the hypoxic stress (2.0 mg·L−1) to analyze the regulation effect of hypoxic stress on HIF-1α gene expression level in the hemocyte of L. vannamei. Immune indicators such as hemocyte counts, hemocyanin concentration, gene expression level, enzymatic activity, etc were determined. The results showed that the expression level of HIF-1α in the RNA interference group decreased by 80.1% compared with the control group. The hemocyte counts were significantly lower under hypoxic conditions in the interference group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentration of hemocyanin was significantly higher in the interference group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Astakine (AST) and hemocyte homeostasis-associated protein (HHAP) in the hemocytes were significantly higher in the RNA interference group under hypoxic conditions than in the control group, while the expression levels of Ferritin (FT) in the hemocytes were not significantly different between both the interference and control groups. The enzymatic activities of ACP, AKP and PO in the serum in the RNA interference group under hypoxic conditions were reduced to different degrees. By interfering with the expression of HIF-1α gene, it was found that HIF-1α gene played an important role in hemocyte counts, hemocyanin concentration, expression of immune-related genes and the activity of immune-related enzymes in L. vannamen.
In order to investigate the effects of hypoxic-induced-factor-1α (HIF-1α) on the immune response of the hemolymph of Litopenaeus vannamei under hypoxia stress, dsRNA was injected into L. vannamei to interfere with the expression of HIF-1α gene under the hypoxic stress (2.0 mg·L−1) to analyze the regulation effect of hypoxic stress on HIF-1α gene expression level in the hemocyte of L. vannamei. Immune indicators such as hemocyte counts, hemocyanin concentration, gene expression level, enzymatic activity, etc were determined. The results showed that the expression level of HIF-1α in the RNA interference group decreased by 80.1% compared with the control group. The hemocyte counts were significantly lower under hypoxic conditions in the interference group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentration of hemocyanin was significantly higher in the interference group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Astakine (AST) and hemocyte homeostasis-associated protein (HHAP) in the hemocytes were significantly higher in the RNA interference group under hypoxic conditions than in the control group, while the expression levels of Ferritin (FT) in the hemocytes were not significantly different between both the interference and control groups. The enzymatic activities of ACP, AKP and PO in the serum in the RNA interference group under hypoxic conditions were reduced to different degrees. By interfering with the expression of HIF-1α gene, it was found that HIF-1α gene played an important role in hemocyte counts, hemocyanin concentration, expression of immune-related genes and the activity of immune-related enzymes in L. vannamen.
Phytoplankton community characteristics and environmental factors in the coastal waters of Sanya Bay
2023, 14(6): 688-697.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230052
Abstract:
In order to understand the characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and its factors influencing the environment in the coastal waters of Sanya Bay, water sampling surveys were carried out at six stations in summer and winter of 2021. The surveys showed that a total of 158 species of phytoplankton belonging to 6 phyla and 64 genera were identified at the six stations, mainly composed of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The average abundance of phytoplankton in summer was 15.07×105 cells/L, which was much higher than that in winter; 18 species were dominant throughout the year, and the dominant species in summer and winter were Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp. and Melosira sp.. The mean values of diversity index, evenness index, richness index of phytoplankton communities at each station in summer and winter were 4.44, 0.73, 3.33 and 3.84, 0.67, 2.93, respectively. The Kruskal Wallis test showed that the seasonal and spatial variation of phytoplankton in the sea were obvious, and the succession pattern of dominant species in summer and winter was as follows: Achnanthes catenate-Rhizosolenia alata at the S1 station (109.37°E, 18.29°N) and S6 station (109.48°E, 18.21°N) in the reclamation state were significantly different from those at the S4(109.48°E, 18.27°N) under the shallow bridge, and the species richness and diversity at the S1 and S6 stations were lower than those at the S4 station. The RDA analysis showed that the environmental factors affecting the distribution of phytoplankton communities were mainly salinity (S), acidity (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). In general, the phytoplankton communities in the coastal waters of Sanya Bay in 2021 was high in diversity, and complex and stable in the structure, and the water body was in a nutrient-poor state. These surveys can provide basic information for the protection and management of the marine ecosystem in this coastal waters.
In order to understand the characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and its factors influencing the environment in the coastal waters of Sanya Bay, water sampling surveys were carried out at six stations in summer and winter of 2021. The surveys showed that a total of 158 species of phytoplankton belonging to 6 phyla and 64 genera were identified at the six stations, mainly composed of diatoms and dinoflagellates. The average abundance of phytoplankton in summer was 15.07×105 cells/L, which was much higher than that in winter; 18 species were dominant throughout the year, and the dominant species in summer and winter were Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros spp. and Melosira sp.. The mean values of diversity index, evenness index, richness index of phytoplankton communities at each station in summer and winter were 4.44, 0.73, 3.33 and 3.84, 0.67, 2.93, respectively. The Kruskal Wallis test showed that the seasonal and spatial variation of phytoplankton in the sea were obvious, and the succession pattern of dominant species in summer and winter was as follows: Achnanthes catenate-Rhizosolenia alata at the S1 station (109.37°E, 18.29°N) and S6 station (109.48°E, 18.21°N) in the reclamation state were significantly different from those at the S4(109.48°E, 18.27°N) under the shallow bridge, and the species richness and diversity at the S1 and S6 stations were lower than those at the S4 station. The RDA analysis showed that the environmental factors affecting the distribution of phytoplankton communities were mainly salinity (S), acidity (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). In general, the phytoplankton communities in the coastal waters of Sanya Bay in 2021 was high in diversity, and complex and stable in the structure, and the water body was in a nutrient-poor state. These surveys can provide basic information for the protection and management of the marine ecosystem in this coastal waters.
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