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生物防治主要分为捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌、病原微生物和性诱技术。其中病原微生物防治是近年来发展较快的一项生防技术,病原微生物能在农作物害虫间引起广泛流行病,具有高度选择性、多数对人畜安全、对害虫天敌无危害、也不会对环境造成污染等特点,具备了巨大的发展前景和推广价值,是培养绿色、安全、高产农作物的首选农药。在自然界中,对昆虫有致病和致死作用的病原微生物主要是真菌类,其优点是扩散性强、杀虫高效,在生产上应用最广的真菌杀虫剂是白僵菌、绿僵菌、蜡蚧轮枝菌等。虫生真菌是一类能寄生在昆虫体内、引起昆虫发病死亡最大的昆虫病原微生物群体,被侵染的昆虫体表长出明显的菌丝、子实体或各种颜色的分生孢子。本文系统地综述了当前用于农作物害虫防治的虫生真菌的种类、制毒机制及应用情况。
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世界上记载的虫生真菌达100多个属 800 多种,我国已报道的有405种,其中寄生昆虫的真菌种类达215种,虫草属 80种,寄生线虫的真菌10种[1]。在害虫的微生物防治中,具有利用和开发价值的杀虫真菌包括两大类,一是属于半知菌亚门的丝孢菌类(Hyphomyctes),包括许多已经广泛应用的种类,如白僵菌、绿僵菌、拟青霉和蜡蚧轮枝菌等,二是属于接合菌亚门的虫霉(Entomophthorales)真菌,包含许多经常引发高强度害虫流行病的种类,如虫疠霉、虫瘟霉、虫疫霉等[2-3]。虫生真菌的种类多,其中比较常见研究利用最多的属、种及代表种见表1[4-5]。
主要代表种 菌落形态特征 防治对象 白僵菌 Beauveria 球孢白僵菌 Bwauveria bassiana (Bais.) Vuill . 直径1.15~2.00 µm,菌落表面白色至淡乳色,菌落平坦呈绒状、从卷毛至粉状。分生孢子梗球形,直径2.00~2.15 µm。 松毛虫、玉米螟、蝗虫、大豆食心虫、高粱条螟、稻飞虱、稻叶蝉、马铃薯甲虫、甘薯象鼻虫、松针毒蛾等。 布氏白僵菌 Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) 菌落表面为白色、乳色至淡黄色,絮状、粉状或瓶状,分生孢子呈椭圆形或亚圆形(纵径2.0~6.0 µm×横泾1.5~3.0 µm)。 花生蛴螬、十字花科蔬菜蚜虫等 绿僵菌 Metarhizium 金龟子绿僵菌 Metarhizium anisopliae 菌落最初白色,产生孢子阶段呈不同程度绿色,绒毛状或棉絮状,分生孢子长形至长椭圆形,分生孢子梗单生或聚集,呈分生孢子梗座。 白蚁、蝗虫、地下害虫、蛀干害虫、小菜蛾、菜青虫、桃小食心虫等。 拟青霉 Paecilamyces 淡紫拟青霉 Paecilamyces lilacinus 菌落最初白色,产生孢子阶段先为浅粉色后紫红色,圆形、粉状,分生孢子为椭圆形至纺锤形,孢梗具有瓶状不规则分枝或轮生分枝。 大豆胞囊线虫、烟草根结线虫等。 玫烟色拟青霉 Paecilamyces fumosoroseus 菌落随着菌龄从白色转为黄色,产孢子时从黑色至灰玫瑰或粉黑色,分生孢子呈纺锤形或近卵圆形,孢梗成束或分散。 蚜虫、粉虱、蚕蛾、云尺蛾等。 野村菌 Nomuraea 莱氏野村菌 Nomuraea atypicola 菌落随着菌龄从淡黄色渐转为橄榄绿、孔雀绿。分生孢子卵圆形或椭圆形,孢梗呈花装、单轴生。 大豆夜蛾、黎豆夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾等鳞翅目夜蛾科害虫。 轮枝菌 Verticillium 蜡蚧轮枝菌 Verticillium lecantii 菌落呈白色粉状,分生孢子柱形,末端圆且对称,单胞少双胞。 白粉虱、蚜虫、蓟马等刺吸式口器的害虫。 曲霉 Aspergillus 黑曲霉 Aspergillus niger 菌丛呈黑褐色,顶囊大球形,小梗双层,分生孢子为球状,呈黑、黑褐色,平滑或粗糙。 褐蚁、桃蚜等。 虫霉 Entomophthora 蝇虫霉 Entomophthora muscae 分生孢子呈钟罩形,顶端有一个小尖突,基部平截,孢梗不分枝,顶部膨大。 家蝇等蝇类。 虫疫霉 Erynia 蚜虫疫霉 Erynia aphidis 分生孢子椭圆形或近圆形,不对称两端稍尖,孢梗少有分枝。 蚜虫等。 虫疠霉 Pandora 新蚜虫疠霉 Pandora oapphidis 初生分生孢子无色透明, 倒拟卵形或拟卵形, 对称或不对称, 乳突明显 。孢梗二歧分支或掌状分支。 麦长管蚜等。 Table 1. Familiar genera and representative species of entomopathogenic fungi
Advances in the control of crop pests by using entomopathogenic fungi
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2022.03.015
- Received Date: 2021-03-09
- Rev Recd Date: 2021-11-19
- Available Online: 2022-05-17
- Publish Date: 2022-05-23
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Key words:
- entomopathogenic fungi /
- biological control /
- fungal preparation /
- application in agriculture
Abstract: With the rapid development of economy, environmental problems have attracted much attention. Long-term practice has proved that chemical control of crop pests will produce pesticidal residues and cause pollution to the environment to some degrees, whereas biological control is much safer and environment-friendly. Entomopathogenic fungi, as an important biocontrol agent, can rationally control insect pests and protect the original ecological environment. They can not only promote the sustainable development of agricultural production, but also ensure the green production and safety of food in China. In recent years biocontrol has played an excellent role in the prevention and control of crop pests. In this review representative species of entomopathogenic fungi, such as beauveria, metarhizium, paecilamyces and verticillium, were described separately in terms of colony characteristics, control, pathogenesis and virulence, and a progress in application of the entomopathogenic fungi in agriculture in China was reviewed in respect of characteristics of biocontrol products, preparation of biocontrol products and their release for application. This review might provide reference for ecological security and development and application of entomopathogenic fungi in China.
Citation: | WANG Lulu, WANG Hui, XIONG Yan, ZHOU Xia, WANG Jun, WANG Jianhua, WU Suran. Advances in the control of crop pests by using entomopathogenic fungi[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2022, 13(3): 309-314. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2022.03.015 |