Current Issue
2026 Vol.17 NO.5
2026,
17(5):
729-740.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250171
Abstract
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Abstract:
National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest is the only island-type tropical rainforest reserve in China. It has extremely high biodiversity and key ecological functions, and is also the only habitat for the global critically endangered species of Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). Based on the technical method system of forest ecological inventory, this paper integrates the continuous inventory of forest resources, forest ecological inventory and social public data, systematically evaluates the supply capacity of ecological products from the two dimensions of material quality and value of ecological products, and compares it with Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeast Tiger and Leopard, Wuyishan and other national parks. The results showed that the total annual value of ecological products in the forest ecosystem of the park was about 51.512 billion yuan, of which the regulation service accounted for the highest proportion (50.99%), and the supply, culture and support services accounted for 36.27%, 6.65% and 6.09%, respectively. In the functional structure, biodiversity conservation and water conservation are the core functions, accounting for 32% and 31% of the total value, respectively. The conservation value of the flagship species Hainan gibbon reached 15.07 billion yuan/year. Compared with other national parks, the supply structure of ecological products in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest is more balanced. The study emphasizes the important role of tropical island national parks in ecological security maintenance, species protection and diversified ecological service supply, and has demonstration significance for promoting the construction of ecological civilization and the high-quality development of nature reserve system in China.
National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest is the only island-type tropical rainforest reserve in China. It has extremely high biodiversity and key ecological functions, and is also the only habitat for the global critically endangered species of Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). Based on the technical method system of forest ecological inventory, this paper integrates the continuous inventory of forest resources, forest ecological inventory and social public data, systematically evaluates the supply capacity of ecological products from the two dimensions of material quality and value of ecological products, and compares it with Sanjiangyuan, Giant Panda, Northeast Tiger and Leopard, Wuyishan and other national parks. The results showed that the total annual value of ecological products in the forest ecosystem of the park was about 51.512 billion yuan, of which the regulation service accounted for the highest proportion (50.99%), and the supply, culture and support services accounted for 36.27%, 6.65% and 6.09%, respectively. In the functional structure, biodiversity conservation and water conservation are the core functions, accounting for 32% and 31% of the total value, respectively. The conservation value of the flagship species Hainan gibbon reached 15.07 billion yuan/year. Compared with other national parks, the supply structure of ecological products in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest is more balanced. The study emphasizes the important role of tropical island national parks in ecological security maintenance, species protection and diversified ecological service supply, and has demonstration significance for promoting the construction of ecological civilization and the high-quality development of nature reserve system in China.
2026,
17(5):
741-747.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250153
Abstract:
Under the context of global climate governance and biodiversity conservation, coordinating ecological protection and community livelihoods has become an urgent practical challenge to address. This study takes the Qiongzhong area of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park as the field site, and employs a combination of semi-structured interview, questionnaires, soil and water sampling, and statistical analysis to systematically examine the resource endowments, operational status and supporting system of Shanlan rice specialty industry. The study found that although the industry has achieved breakthroughs in germplasm conservation, large-scale cultivation, brand registration, and ecological compensation, it remains trapped in the economic dilemma of "high revenue yet low profit", with prominent structural constraints such as weak technological support, disconnection between ecological protection and industrial development, and lack of community participation and benefit-sharing mechanism. Accordingly, this study proposes an industrial upgrading pathway for Shanlan rice through technological empowerment, value chain enhancement, policy synergy, and stakeholder cultivation, offering a localized model for sustainable specialty agriculture development in ecologically sensitive areas.
Under the context of global climate governance and biodiversity conservation, coordinating ecological protection and community livelihoods has become an urgent practical challenge to address. This study takes the Qiongzhong area of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park as the field site, and employs a combination of semi-structured interview, questionnaires, soil and water sampling, and statistical analysis to systematically examine the resource endowments, operational status and supporting system of Shanlan rice specialty industry. The study found that although the industry has achieved breakthroughs in germplasm conservation, large-scale cultivation, brand registration, and ecological compensation, it remains trapped in the economic dilemma of "high revenue yet low profit", with prominent structural constraints such as weak technological support, disconnection between ecological protection and industrial development, and lack of community participation and benefit-sharing mechanism. Accordingly, this study proposes an industrial upgrading pathway for Shanlan rice through technological empowerment, value chain enhancement, policy synergy, and stakeholder cultivation, offering a localized model for sustainable specialty agriculture development in ecologically sensitive areas.
2026,
17(5):
748-759.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250206
Abstract:
The “Sanjiangyuan” area (Sources of three major rivers) of Hainan Island constitutes the shared source area and primary catchment of the three major rivers, the Nandu, Changhua, and Wanquan rivers. As the central core of the National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, this area plays a vital role in maintaining ecological security, sustaining ecosystem services, and supporting socio-economic development across Hainan Island. The “Sanjiangyuan” area of Hainan Island was delineated through an integrated framework that incorporates hydrological processes, topographic and geomorphological characteristics, natural environmental conditions, ecosystem service functions, and national park management boundaries. The data of three periods in 2013, 2018, and 2023 were selected for analysis of their water conservation and its temporal evolution and spatial distribution pattern conservation by using the InVEST model, and the Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector was used to explore the main driving factors of temporal and spatial changes of water conservation. The results showed that water conservation from 2013 to 2023 was 19.4×108, 8.97×108, 10.66×108m3, respectively, and exhibited a non-linear temporal trajectory, characterized by a pronounced decline followed by a modest recovery. In terms of spatial scale, high-value areas were predominantly concentrated in the middle-to high-elevation mountainous headwaters of the three major river systems, reflecting the combined effects of higher elevations, favorable precipitation regimes, and relatively low evapotranspiration demand. Precipitation emerged as the primary determinant of spatial variation in water conservation (q = 0.525−0.654), followed by elevation, while potential evapotranspiration and temperature also exerted substantial explanatory influence. Interactions among driving factors consistently enhanced their explanatory power, with the precipitation–elevation interaction exerting the strongest effect (q = 0.779−0.804). These findings clarify the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving forces of water conservation in a critical tropical headwater region and provide robust scientific evidence to improve water resource management and ecosystem-based strategies for enhancing water security on Hainan Island.
The “Sanjiangyuan” area (Sources of three major rivers) of Hainan Island constitutes the shared source area and primary catchment of the three major rivers, the Nandu, Changhua, and Wanquan rivers. As the central core of the National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest, this area plays a vital role in maintaining ecological security, sustaining ecosystem services, and supporting socio-economic development across Hainan Island. The “Sanjiangyuan” area of Hainan Island was delineated through an integrated framework that incorporates hydrological processes, topographic and geomorphological characteristics, natural environmental conditions, ecosystem service functions, and national park management boundaries. The data of three periods in 2013, 2018, and 2023 were selected for analysis of their water conservation and its temporal evolution and spatial distribution pattern conservation by using the InVEST model, and the Optimal Parameters-based Geographical Detector was used to explore the main driving factors of temporal and spatial changes of water conservation. The results showed that water conservation from 2013 to 2023 was 19.4×108, 8.97×108, 10.66×108m3, respectively, and exhibited a non-linear temporal trajectory, characterized by a pronounced decline followed by a modest recovery. In terms of spatial scale, high-value areas were predominantly concentrated in the middle-to high-elevation mountainous headwaters of the three major river systems, reflecting the combined effects of higher elevations, favorable precipitation regimes, and relatively low evapotranspiration demand. Precipitation emerged as the primary determinant of spatial variation in water conservation (q = 0.525−0.654), followed by elevation, while potential evapotranspiration and temperature also exerted substantial explanatory influence. Interactions among driving factors consistently enhanced their explanatory power, with the precipitation–elevation interaction exerting the strongest effect (q = 0.779−0.804). These findings clarify the spatiotemporal dynamics and driving forces of water conservation in a critical tropical headwater region and provide robust scientific evidence to improve water resource management and ecosystem-based strategies for enhancing water security on Hainan Island.
2026,
17(5):
760-774.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250154
Abstract:
Cultural ecosystem service (CES) values capture how people perceive and prioritize the non-material benefits provided by ecosystems in specific contexts. An attempt was made to assess the CES values at the Diaoluoshan area in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Questionaires were delivered and 231 valid questionnaires were received in the first half of 2024 (response rate: 94.67%), from which 12,167 social value points were extracted. The Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model was used to combine weighted kernel density estimation to generate a 0-10 value index raster. Spatial clustering was assessed with Average Nearest Neighbor analysis and Global Moran's I, and SolVES was coupled with the Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt) to evaluate how environmental factors constrain CES value patterns. Results show that social value hotspots are mainly concentrated around a few recreation nodes-Houshan Scenic Area, the RV campground, and Diaoluo Town, whereas cold spots occur near Xiaomei Reservoir and Dali Waterfall, forming an overall pattern of “node-based clustering with sparse surroundings”. Among 24 attractions, the mountain rainforest contains the largest number of social value points (655; 5.38%), followed by Tianhu Lake and Fengguoshan Waterfall combined (617; 5.07%), while Dasenlin Hotel has the fewest (390; 3.21%). All seven value types exhibit clustered distributions, with Average Nearest Neighbor ratios < 1 and negative Z-scores; Global Moran's I indicates significant positive spatial autocorrelation in value indices for all value types (P < 0.001). The SolVES–MaxEnt models perform well, with training AUC values of0.9427 -0.9666 and testing AUC values of 0.9446 -0.9664 across value types. Environmental responses highlight accessibility and perceived proximity to water as key constraints on CES clustering: distance to roads contributes highly for most value types, and distance to waterbodies (DTW) shows a clear preference threshold, with the maximum value index for most cultural value types occurring at DTW ≈ 39 m. Based on the number of value points (N), respondents' preference and perceived importance rank in the order of aesthetic value > biodiversity value > economic value > recreation value > historical-cultural value > scientific-educational value > health and wellness value. These findings provide spatially explicit evidence to support recreation zoning, management, and visitor-route design in national parks.
Cultural ecosystem service (CES) values capture how people perceive and prioritize the non-material benefits provided by ecosystems in specific contexts. An attempt was made to assess the CES values at the Diaoluoshan area in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Questionaires were delivered and 231 valid questionnaires were received in the first half of 2024 (response rate: 94.67%), from which 12,167 social value points were extracted. The Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model was used to combine weighted kernel density estimation to generate a 0-10 value index raster. Spatial clustering was assessed with Average Nearest Neighbor analysis and Global Moran's I, and SolVES was coupled with the Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt) to evaluate how environmental factors constrain CES value patterns. Results show that social value hotspots are mainly concentrated around a few recreation nodes-Houshan Scenic Area, the RV campground, and Diaoluo Town, whereas cold spots occur near Xiaomei Reservoir and Dali Waterfall, forming an overall pattern of “node-based clustering with sparse surroundings”. Among 24 attractions, the mountain rainforest contains the largest number of social value points (655; 5.38%), followed by Tianhu Lake and Fengguoshan Waterfall combined (617; 5.07%), while Dasenlin Hotel has the fewest (390; 3.21%). All seven value types exhibit clustered distributions, with Average Nearest Neighbor ratios < 1 and negative Z-scores; Global Moran's I indicates significant positive spatial autocorrelation in value indices for all value types (P < 0.001). The SolVES–MaxEnt models perform well, with training AUC values of
2026,
17(5):
775-783.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250176
Abstract:
Based on forest resource data of Hainan Province from the third to the ninth national forest resource inventories and relevant ecological station data from the same period, the dynamic characteristics of forest resources over more than 30 years (1984–2018) were systematically analyzed in terms of "quantity-quality-structure", and the evolutionary patterns of key ecosystem service functions were quantified in accordance with national standards, aiming to reveal their intrinsic coupling relationships. The results showed that forest resources in Hainan Province had achieved remarkable growth, with forest area, stock volume, and forest coverage increasing by 124.48%, 163.84%, and 31.96 percentage points, respectively. The forest age structure had been continuously optimized, and forest quality had steadily improved, with policy and institutional factors identified as key drivers of these changes. All assessed ecosystem service functions had significantly enhanced, particularly water regulation and negative ion provision, which had increased by over 240%. Correlation analysis further revealed that the area of mature and overmature forests had the greatest dominant effect on water conservation and soil fixation services, while stock volume per unit area was the key determining factor for carbon sequestration service. This highlighted the central role of forest quality and maturity in enhancing ecosystem services, underscoring the central importance of indicators of forest quantity (area, stock volume) and indicators of maturity. All these findings elucidate the coupling relationship between the growth of forest resources and the dynamic changes in ecosystem service functions, providing a scientific basis for the sustainable management of regional forests.
Based on forest resource data of Hainan Province from the third to the ninth national forest resource inventories and relevant ecological station data from the same period, the dynamic characteristics of forest resources over more than 30 years (1984–2018) were systematically analyzed in terms of "quantity-quality-structure", and the evolutionary patterns of key ecosystem service functions were quantified in accordance with national standards, aiming to reveal their intrinsic coupling relationships. The results showed that forest resources in Hainan Province had achieved remarkable growth, with forest area, stock volume, and forest coverage increasing by 124.48%, 163.84%, and 31.96 percentage points, respectively. The forest age structure had been continuously optimized, and forest quality had steadily improved, with policy and institutional factors identified as key drivers of these changes. All assessed ecosystem service functions had significantly enhanced, particularly water regulation and negative ion provision, which had increased by over 240%. Correlation analysis further revealed that the area of mature and overmature forests had the greatest dominant effect on water conservation and soil fixation services, while stock volume per unit area was the key determining factor for carbon sequestration service. This highlighted the central role of forest quality and maturity in enhancing ecosystem services, underscoring the central importance of indicators of forest quantity (area, stock volume) and indicators of maturity. All these findings elucidate the coupling relationship between the growth of forest resources and the dynamic changes in ecosystem service functions, providing a scientific basis for the sustainable management of regional forests.
2026,
17(5):
784-796.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250159
Abstract:
To understand the resource status of aquatic plants in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, the species composition and floristic characteristics of aquatic plants in the park were analyzed based on field surveys and literature review. The results show that a total of 468 species of aquatic plants belonging to 255 genera and 95 families were recorded, among which angiosperms were absolutely dominant with 432 species. Both family- and genus-level species richness showed a "core–periphery" distribution pattern, i.e., species were highly concentrated in a few dominant families and genera. In terms of growth form, herbaceous plants predominated; regarding life form, perennials were the majority; and concerning ecological type, helophytes–emergent plants were dominant. There were 11 key protected wild plants, 26 Chinese endemic species, and 13 threatened plants. A total of 57 alien invasive plant species were recorded, among which harmful invasive species accounted for up to 80.70%, mostly originating from the Americas. The floristic composition at both family and genus levels exhibited strong tropical affinities, with the R/T ratio at the genus level reaching 8.95. All these findings indicate that the aquatic plants in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park are distinctly tropical and of high conservation value, yet they face threats from multiple alien invasive species. It is recommended to strengthen the conservation of rare species and the prevention and control of invasive plants.
To understand the resource status of aquatic plants in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, the species composition and floristic characteristics of aquatic plants in the park were analyzed based on field surveys and literature review. The results show that a total of 468 species of aquatic plants belonging to 255 genera and 95 families were recorded, among which angiosperms were absolutely dominant with 432 species. Both family- and genus-level species richness showed a "core–periphery" distribution pattern, i.e., species were highly concentrated in a few dominant families and genera. In terms of growth form, herbaceous plants predominated; regarding life form, perennials were the majority; and concerning ecological type, helophytes–emergent plants were dominant. There were 11 key protected wild plants, 26 Chinese endemic species, and 13 threatened plants. A total of 57 alien invasive plant species were recorded, among which harmful invasive species accounted for up to 80.70%, mostly originating from the Americas. The floristic composition at both family and genus levels exhibited strong tropical affinities, with the R/T ratio at the genus level reaching 8.95. All these findings indicate that the aquatic plants in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park are distinctly tropical and of high conservation value, yet they face threats from multiple alien invasive species. It is recommended to strengthen the conservation of rare species and the prevention and control of invasive plants.
2026,
17(5):
797-805.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250202
Abstract:
Natural landscape resources in tropical rainforest national parks were less documented in China, and hence a combination of field surveys and interviews were employed to systematically investigate and evaluate the natural landscape resources in Maorui area of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. A total of 46 resource units were recorded, comprising 3 geoheritage landscapes, 12 biological landscapes, and 31 hydrological landscapes. The landscape resource units were graded by using a resource evaluation method. All the resources were rated as Grade 3 or above, including 3 at Grade 5 and 16 at Grade 4, which indicates the overall high value of the landscape resources in this area. In this context the distribution, types, and characteristics of the resources were analyzed and summarized, with three main existing issues identified. Optimization recommendations were proposed in line with the National Park's conservation and utilization objectives, providing references for the scientific management and sustainable development of natural landscape resources in the Maorui area.
Natural landscape resources in tropical rainforest national parks were less documented in China, and hence a combination of field surveys and interviews were employed to systematically investigate and evaluate the natural landscape resources in Maorui area of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. A total of 46 resource units were recorded, comprising 3 geoheritage landscapes, 12 biological landscapes, and 31 hydrological landscapes. The landscape resource units were graded by using a resource evaluation method. All the resources were rated as Grade 3 or above, including 3 at Grade 5 and 16 at Grade 4, which indicates the overall high value of the landscape resources in this area. In this context the distribution, types, and characteristics of the resources were analyzed and summarized, with three main existing issues identified. Optimization recommendations were proposed in line with the National Park's conservation and utilization objectives, providing references for the scientific management and sustainable development of natural landscape resources in the Maorui area.
2026,
17(5):
806-814.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250168
Abstract:
A comparison was made between Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with 26 and 30 years of natural restoration and natural secondary forests in the Jianfengling area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Their non-spatial structural factors such as diameter class structure, height structure, and species diversity were analyzed to systematically reveal the structural evolution of plantations during long-term natural restoration and their differences from natural secondary forests. The results showed that the diameter class structure of plantations exhibited an inverted J-shaped distribution, with large-diameter trees still dominated by C. lanceolata, while native regenerating species were concentrated in small diameter classes. The height structure displayed a left-skewed distribution, with C. lanceolata predominating in the higher height classes. Species diversity indices indicated significant differences between plantations and natural secondary forests. However, the plantations showed increasing structural complexity and relatively high species diversity during restoration. The innovation of this analysis lies in quantitatively elucidating the structural restoration potential and feasibility of transforming C. lanceolata plantations into natural forests from a long-term natural restoration perspective, providing a scientific basis for ecological restoration and close-to-nature management of plantations in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.
A comparison was made between Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations with 26 and 30 years of natural restoration and natural secondary forests in the Jianfengling area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. Their non-spatial structural factors such as diameter class structure, height structure, and species diversity were analyzed to systematically reveal the structural evolution of plantations during long-term natural restoration and their differences from natural secondary forests. The results showed that the diameter class structure of plantations exhibited an inverted J-shaped distribution, with large-diameter trees still dominated by C. lanceolata, while native regenerating species were concentrated in small diameter classes. The height structure displayed a left-skewed distribution, with C. lanceolata predominating in the higher height classes. Species diversity indices indicated significant differences between plantations and natural secondary forests. However, the plantations showed increasing structural complexity and relatively high species diversity during restoration. The innovation of this analysis lies in quantitatively elucidating the structural restoration potential and feasibility of transforming C. lanceolata plantations into natural forests from a long-term natural restoration perspective, providing a scientific basis for ecological restoration and close-to-nature management of plantations in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.
2026,
17(5):
815-824.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250138
Abstract:
Hainan, as a core area for biodiversity conservation in China, is home to rare wild water lily resources such as Nymphaea spp. The ecological protection and restoration of these species urgently require technological empowerment. Intelligent data integration technologies through multi-source data integration and smart analysis address key issues in the conservation of water lilies in national parks, such as fragmented monitoring and insufficient protection accuracy. A systematical review was made of the status of wild water lily species and the challenges of their conservation in Hainan. It focuses on the application mechanisms of intelligent data integration in habitat monitoring, population dynamics tracking, and climate change response. Furthermore, it analyzes the integrated application modes of cutting-edge technologies, including "sky-earth" integrated monitoring, big data platform construction, and artificial intelligence analysis. By constructing a "sky-earth" integrated monitoring system, the paper achieves precise monitoring and protection of Nymphaea species, providing theoretical references and technological support for advancing the scientific conservation of tropical rainforest wetland ecosystems, the precise restoration of species, and the modernization of management in national parks.
Hainan, as a core area for biodiversity conservation in China, is home to rare wild water lily resources such as Nymphaea spp. The ecological protection and restoration of these species urgently require technological empowerment. Intelligent data integration technologies through multi-source data integration and smart analysis address key issues in the conservation of water lilies in national parks, such as fragmented monitoring and insufficient protection accuracy. A systematical review was made of the status of wild water lily species and the challenges of their conservation in Hainan. It focuses on the application mechanisms of intelligent data integration in habitat monitoring, population dynamics tracking, and climate change response. Furthermore, it analyzes the integrated application modes of cutting-edge technologies, including "sky-earth" integrated monitoring, big data platform construction, and artificial intelligence analysis. By constructing a "sky-earth" integrated monitoring system, the paper achieves precise monitoring and protection of Nymphaea species, providing theoretical references and technological support for advancing the scientific conservation of tropical rainforest wetland ecosystems, the precise restoration of species, and the modernization of management in national parks.
2026,
17(5):
825-833.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250139
Abstract:
The habitat selection preferences of Hainan Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii hainanus) in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park were analyzed by integrating physical environment, biotic factors and anthropogenic disturbances. Five key environmental variables (habitat type, elevation, slope, vegetation coverage, and distance from water sources), which affect the habitat suitability of Hainan Eld's deer, were selected as evaluation indicators for constructing a habitat suitability index (HSI) model using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess potential habitats for this species within the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. The results show that the high suitability potential habitats for Hainan Eld's deer are distributed in the plain areas along the foothills of mountain ranges such as Bawangling, Jianfengling, Yinggeling, Limushan, and Diaoluoshan, while the low suitability areas are mainly the main parts of the above-mentioned mountain ranges. The potential habitat distribution of Hainan Eld's deer is most concentrated in Bawangling area, with a total area of 353.21 km2, accounting for 27.20% of the total potential habitat area, followed by Jianfengling area (250.35 km2, 19.28%), Limushan area (234.31 km2, 18.04%), Yinggeling area (207.18 km2, 15.95%), Diaoluoshan area (129.05 km2, 9.94%), Maorui area (74.32 km2, 5.72%), and Wuzhishan area (50.34 km2, 3.88%). These findings can provide theoretical basis and scientific basis for the protection and management of suitable habitats for Hainan Eld's deer.
The habitat selection preferences of Hainan Eld's deer (Rucervus eldii hainanus) in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park were analyzed by integrating physical environment, biotic factors and anthropogenic disturbances. Five key environmental variables (habitat type, elevation, slope, vegetation coverage, and distance from water sources), which affect the habitat suitability of Hainan Eld's deer, were selected as evaluation indicators for constructing a habitat suitability index (HSI) model using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to assess potential habitats for this species within the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park. The results show that the high suitability potential habitats for Hainan Eld's deer are distributed in the plain areas along the foothills of mountain ranges such as Bawangling, Jianfengling, Yinggeling, Limushan, and Diaoluoshan, while the low suitability areas are mainly the main parts of the above-mentioned mountain ranges. The potential habitat distribution of Hainan Eld's deer is most concentrated in Bawangling area, with a total area of 353.21 km2, accounting for 27.20% of the total potential habitat area, followed by Jianfengling area (250.35 km2, 19.28%), Limushan area (234.31 km2, 18.04%), Yinggeling area (207.18 km2, 15.95%), Diaoluoshan area (129.05 km2, 9.94%), Maorui area (74.32 km2, 5.72%), and Wuzhishan area (50.34 km2, 3.88%). These findings can provide theoretical basis and scientific basis for the protection and management of suitable habitats for Hainan Eld's deer.
2026,
17(5):
834-842.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250143
Abstract:
Current research on the diversity of Sphingidae insects in Limushan Scenic Area, a key ecological unit of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, still lacks fixed-point, continuous, and standardized monitoring, and the community structure and spatiotemporal dynamics of these insects remain unclear. To address this gap, a systematic monitoring of Sphingidae insects in the Limushan Scenic Area was conducted from October 2023 to September 2024 by using nocturnal light trapping (19:00–06:00 the next day). A total of 47 species of Sphingidae insects were recorded, belonging to 29 genera across three subfamilies. Among them, the Macroglossinae subfamily was the dominant group (24 species, accounting for 51.06%), followed by Smerinthinae (17 species, 36.17%) and Sphinginae (6 species, 12.76%). The main dominant species were Acosmeryx pseudoenodonta (15.41%), Pseudoclanis postica (10.53%), and Clanis bilineata (10.15%), with captured individuals predominantly male. Temporal pattern analysis indicated that adult flight activity primarily occurred from March to August, and that nocturnal phototaxis activity peaked between 21:00 and 03:00, accounting for 65.23% of the total individuals collected. The fauna composition was predominantly Oriental, with a high proportion of species shared with Central and Southwest China, reflecting species exchange between adjacent geographical units and the transitional characteristics of tropical–subtropical fauna. These findings preliminarily reveal the diversity composition and spatiotemporal activity patterns of Sphingidae insects in the Limushan Scenic Area, highlight the importance of this region in biodiversity conservation, and provide foundational data for the biodiversity monitoring and management of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
Current research on the diversity of Sphingidae insects in Limushan Scenic Area, a key ecological unit of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, still lacks fixed-point, continuous, and standardized monitoring, and the community structure and spatiotemporal dynamics of these insects remain unclear. To address this gap, a systematic monitoring of Sphingidae insects in the Limushan Scenic Area was conducted from October 2023 to September 2024 by using nocturnal light trapping (19:00–06:00 the next day). A total of 47 species of Sphingidae insects were recorded, belonging to 29 genera across three subfamilies. Among them, the Macroglossinae subfamily was the dominant group (24 species, accounting for 51.06%), followed by Smerinthinae (17 species, 36.17%) and Sphinginae (6 species, 12.76%). The main dominant species were Acosmeryx pseudoenodonta (15.41%), Pseudoclanis postica (10.53%), and Clanis bilineata (10.15%), with captured individuals predominantly male. Temporal pattern analysis indicated that adult flight activity primarily occurred from March to August, and that nocturnal phototaxis activity peaked between 21:00 and 03:00, accounting for 65.23% of the total individuals collected. The fauna composition was predominantly Oriental, with a high proportion of species shared with Central and Southwest China, reflecting species exchange between adjacent geographical units and the transitional characteristics of tropical–subtropical fauna. These findings preliminarily reveal the diversity composition and spatiotemporal activity patterns of Sphingidae insects in the Limushan Scenic Area, highlight the importance of this region in biodiversity conservation, and provide foundational data for the biodiversity monitoring and management of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park
2026,
17(5):
843-851.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250173
Abstract:
To explore the distribution patterns of butterfly diversity and influencing factors along an elevational gradient in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, 24 line transects were establised along a 300–1100 m gradient in the Bawangling region to make a systematical survey of the number of individuals, species richness, species composition, species turnover and species nestedness of butterflies and nectar plants within each transect from November 2024 to June 2025. The elevation and variations in temperature and humidity were simultaneously monitored for each transect. A total of 15482 butterfly individuals belonging to 202 species and 5 families were recorded during 10 surveys. The results showed that temperature and nectar plant richness were the key influencing factors determining the butterfly richness in the Bawangling region, while the number of butterfly individuals only exhibited a significant non-linear increasing with temperature. Butterfly β-diversity was primarily driven by species turnover, which was determined by distance of elevation, temperature, humidity and nectar plant. This suggested that each elevation makes its unique contribution to butterfly diversity of the Bawangling region. These findings deepen the understanding of the mechanisms structuring butterfly diversity in the Bawangling region and provide a scientific basis for conservation of butterfly diversity in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.
To explore the distribution patterns of butterfly diversity and influencing factors along an elevational gradient in Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, 24 line transects were establised along a 300–
2026,
17(5):
852-862.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250152
Abstract:
Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is endemic to China and is one of the world's most endangered primates. The species is now confined to the Bawangling area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, where only seven family groups and 42 individuals remain available. Its extremely small population size and low genetic diversity may reduce its capacity to withstand pathogen exposure, making any disease outbreak a potential threat to population persistence. With an emphasis on prevention, this paper reviews the potential pathogen risks faced by the Hainan gibbon, including viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, as well as other opportunistic infections. It also examines how habitat fragmentation, environmental contamination, climate change and human activities may shape pathogen transmission risks. Based on these considerations, a set of environmental management measures is proposed, including biosecurity management in areas where people may come into contact with gibbons, habitat and pathogen monitoring, disease surveillance in sympatric wildlife, habitat improvement and ecological corridor restoration. Disease risk management for the Hainan gibbon should be developed within a One Health framework that links wildlife health, habitat management and community participation with early warning and response. These recommendations may form disease prevention strategies for other critically endangered primates with extremely small populations.
Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is endemic to China and is one of the world's most endangered primates. The species is now confined to the Bawangling area of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, where only seven family groups and 42 individuals remain available. Its extremely small population size and low genetic diversity may reduce its capacity to withstand pathogen exposure, making any disease outbreak a potential threat to population persistence. With an emphasis on prevention, this paper reviews the potential pathogen risks faced by the Hainan gibbon, including viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases, as well as other opportunistic infections. It also examines how habitat fragmentation, environmental contamination, climate change and human activities may shape pathogen transmission risks. Based on these considerations, a set of environmental management measures is proposed, including biosecurity management in areas where people may come into contact with gibbons, habitat and pathogen monitoring, disease surveillance in sympatric wildlife, habitat improvement and ecological corridor restoration. Disease risk management for the Hainan gibbon should be developed within a One Health framework that links wildlife health, habitat management and community participation with early warning and response. These recommendations may form disease prevention strategies for other critically endangered primates with extremely small populations.
2026,
17(5):
863-872.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250136
Abstract:
Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is the only national park in China with an expressway traversing the Park. To reveal possible potential impacts of the expressway section crossing the National Park, three sites (Zayun, Maoyang, Fanyang) along the expressway section were selected to determine the soil heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) contents and analyze the distribution pattern of the heavy metals on both sides of the expressway section. The main sources and affecting factors of each heavy metal were also examined. The results showed that Cr and Ni were the main heavy metals with the highest accumulative rate in the soil, particularly at Zayun and Maoyang, where the soil Cr content exceeded that of the control by 100% and 83.33%, respectively. Soil heavy metal content showed a decreasing trend with increased distance from the expressway or an increasing and then decreasing trend, with the peak appearing within 0−10 m from the expressway. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the soil Cr, Ni and Zn were at the level of non-pollution or low pollution and thus the overall ecological risk was low. The main source of the soil Cr was traffic emission, while the soil Pb, Cu and Zn were mainly affected by the parent material, with the soil Ni showing mixed sources. All these results suggested that the current ecological risk of soil heavy metal along the expressway section was low, but the soil Cr and Ni were gradually accumulated in the soil near the expressway. It is recommended to strengthen the vegetation restoration and management of the expressway section, to improve the measures for collection and treatment of the expressway runoffs, and to focus on monitoring the dynamics at ecological sensitive sites such as Changhua River, which are crucial for preventing the potential accumulation and migration of soil heavy metals and to ensure the ecological security and high-quality construction of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.
Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park is the only national park in China with an expressway traversing the Park. To reveal possible potential impacts of the expressway section crossing the National Park, three sites (Zayun, Maoyang, Fanyang) along the expressway section were selected to determine the soil heavy metal (Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn) contents and analyze the distribution pattern of the heavy metals on both sides of the expressway section. The main sources and affecting factors of each heavy metal were also examined. The results showed that Cr and Ni were the main heavy metals with the highest accumulative rate in the soil, particularly at Zayun and Maoyang, where the soil Cr content exceeded that of the control by 100% and 83.33%, respectively. Soil heavy metal content showed a decreasing trend with increased distance from the expressway or an increasing and then decreasing trend, with the peak appearing within 0−10 m from the expressway. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the soil Cr, Ni and Zn were at the level of non-pollution or low pollution and thus the overall ecological risk was low. The main source of the soil Cr was traffic emission, while the soil Pb, Cu and Zn were mainly affected by the parent material, with the soil Ni showing mixed sources. All these results suggested that the current ecological risk of soil heavy metal along the expressway section was low, but the soil Cr and Ni were gradually accumulated in the soil near the expressway. It is recommended to strengthen the vegetation restoration and management of the expressway section, to improve the measures for collection and treatment of the expressway runoffs, and to focus on monitoring the dynamics at ecological sensitive sites such as Changhua River, which are crucial for preventing the potential accumulation and migration of soil heavy metals and to ensure the ecological security and high-quality construction of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park.
2026,
17(5):
873-887.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250150
Abstract:
Hemiparasitic plants account for approximately 80% of parasitic species. Although they possess chlorophyll and retain a certain capacity for photosynthesis, these plants establish parasitic connections with their host plants via specialized structures called haustoria, which are attached to the host's stems or roots. Through these connections, hemiparasites extract substantial amounts of water and nutrients from their hosts to sustain their own growth. By imposing long-term nutrient stress on their hosts, hemiparasites not only severely inhibit host growth and development but also exacerbate the host's vulnerability to environmental changes, leading to significant economic losses in agriculture and forestry. A review was made to systematically elaborate on the parasitic relationship between hemiparasitic plants and their hosts, covering the formation, structure, and function of haustoria, host preferences, and the physiological impacts on hosts. This review also analyzes the survival strategies of hemiparasitic plants under changing environments, as well as their applications and control methods in ecosystems. Furthermore, the review discusses research trends in hemiparasitism and proposes future research directions, including focusing on the dynamic processes of haustorial development, expanding the scope of host studies, and elucidating the dynamics of parasitic relationships under environmental changes. Additionally, it highlights the integration of molecular regulation approaches and the screening of anti-parasitic traits to facilitate the breeding of parasitic-resistant species, aiming to provide valuable references for in-depth research into the physiological and ecological characteristics of hemiparasitic plants.
Hemiparasitic plants account for approximately 80% of parasitic species. Although they possess chlorophyll and retain a certain capacity for photosynthesis, these plants establish parasitic connections with their host plants via specialized structures called haustoria, which are attached to the host's stems or roots. Through these connections, hemiparasites extract substantial amounts of water and nutrients from their hosts to sustain their own growth. By imposing long-term nutrient stress on their hosts, hemiparasites not only severely inhibit host growth and development but also exacerbate the host's vulnerability to environmental changes, leading to significant economic losses in agriculture and forestry. A review was made to systematically elaborate on the parasitic relationship between hemiparasitic plants and their hosts, covering the formation, structure, and function of haustoria, host preferences, and the physiological impacts on hosts. This review also analyzes the survival strategies of hemiparasitic plants under changing environments, as well as their applications and control methods in ecosystems. Furthermore, the review discusses research trends in hemiparasitism and proposes future research directions, including focusing on the dynamic processes of haustorial development, expanding the scope of host studies, and elucidating the dynamics of parasitic relationships under environmental changes. Additionally, it highlights the integration of molecular regulation approaches and the screening of anti-parasitic traits to facilitate the breeding of parasitic-resistant species, aiming to provide valuable references for in-depth research into the physiological and ecological characteristics of hemiparasitic plants.
2026,
17(5):
888-895.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20260027
Abstract:
An attempt was made to investigate the cross-compatibility of reciprocal crosses between Michelia sirindhorniae and M. shiluensis, and to evaluate the phenotypic and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of the F1 hybrid progeny. Artificial controlled pollination was conducted during the full flowering period to assess fruit set rate and seed set rate of the crosses. Seed germination tests were carried out for the progeny of the crosses. Phenotypic traits of the progeny were observed, and light response curves were measured. The outcrossed control of M. sirindhorniae showed a fruit set rate of 26.67%, a seed set rate of 5.48%, and a germination rate of 25.0%. The corresponding values for the M. shiluensis outcrossed control were 100%, 22.93%, and 86.67%, respectively. The reciprocal cross combination (M. shiluensis ♀ × M. sirindhorniae ♂) achieved a fruit set rate of 100%, a seed set rate of 18.69%, and a seed germination rate of 23.89%, all of which were significantly higher than those of the direct cross combination (M. sirindhorniae ♀ × M. shiluensis ♂) (15%, 2.92%, and 0.51%, respectively). Although the fruit and seed set rates of the reciprocal cross were close to those of its maternal outcrossed control (M. shiluensis), the germination rates of both hybrid combinations were significantly lower than those of their respective maternal controls. Morphological observations revealed that the offspring of both reciprocal crosses closely resembled M. sirindhorniae. Photosynthetic analysis indicated that at the two-year-old seedling stage, both hybrid progenies exhibited hybrid vigor in terms of high light saturation point (>2 000 μmol·m−2·s−1) and growth metrics (height and ground diameter). The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax) was highest in M. sirindhorniae (9.71 μmol·m−2·s−1), followed by the reciprocal cross (7.10 μmol·m−2·s−1), M. shiluensis (6.73 μmol·m−2·s−1), and the direct cross (4.76 μmol·m−2·s−1). Reproductive isolation exists in the reciprocal crosses between M. sirindhorniae and M. shiluensis. The hybrid progeny exhibited hybrid advantages such as rapid growth and tolerance to high light intensity, with the reciprocal cross (M. shiluensis ♀ × M. sirindhorniae ♂) showing higher cross-compatibility. All these findings provide important technical guidance for germplasm innovation and efficient utilization of endangered Magnoliaceae plants.
An attempt was made to investigate the cross-compatibility of reciprocal crosses between Michelia sirindhorniae and M. shiluensis, and to evaluate the phenotypic and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of the F1 hybrid progeny. Artificial controlled pollination was conducted during the full flowering period to assess fruit set rate and seed set rate of the crosses. Seed germination tests were carried out for the progeny of the crosses. Phenotypic traits of the progeny were observed, and light response curves were measured. The outcrossed control of M. sirindhorniae showed a fruit set rate of 26.67%, a seed set rate of 5.48%, and a germination rate of 25.0%. The corresponding values for the M. shiluensis outcrossed control were 100%, 22.93%, and 86.67%, respectively. The reciprocal cross combination (M. shiluensis ♀ × M. sirindhorniae ♂) achieved a fruit set rate of 100%, a seed set rate of 18.69%, and a seed germination rate of 23.89%, all of which were significantly higher than those of the direct cross combination (M. sirindhorniae ♀ × M. shiluensis ♂) (15%, 2.92%, and 0.51%, respectively). Although the fruit and seed set rates of the reciprocal cross were close to those of its maternal outcrossed control (M. shiluensis), the germination rates of both hybrid combinations were significantly lower than those of their respective maternal controls. Morphological observations revealed that the offspring of both reciprocal crosses closely resembled M. sirindhorniae. Photosynthetic analysis indicated that at the two-year-old seedling stage, both hybrid progenies exhibited hybrid vigor in terms of high light saturation point (>2 000 μmol·m−2·s−1) and growth metrics (height and ground diameter). The maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax) was highest in M. sirindhorniae (9.71 μmol·m−2·s−1), followed by the reciprocal cross (7.10 μmol·m−2·s−1), M. shiluensis (6.73 μmol·m−2·s−1), and the direct cross (4.76 μmol·m−2·s−1). Reproductive isolation exists in the reciprocal crosses between M. sirindhorniae and M. shiluensis. The hybrid progeny exhibited hybrid advantages such as rapid growth and tolerance to high light intensity, with the reciprocal cross (M. shiluensis ♀ × M. sirindhorniae ♂) showing higher cross-compatibility. All these findings provide important technical guidance for germplasm innovation and efficient utilization of endangered Magnoliaceae plants.
2026,
17(5):
896-902.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250137
Abstract:
Hainan Island, as one of the global biodiversity hotspots, has its biodiversity concentrated in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest. Primulina heterotricha, an endemic plant of Hainan Island, has a widespread distribution and consists of two floral color morphs: yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals. First, to clarify the differentiation pattern of floral traits among different geographical populations, we measured key floral traits including floral diameter, floral mouth width, and corolla tube length across various geographical populations, and analyzed the potential driving effect of geographical isolation on the differentiation of these floral traits. Second, focusing on the differentiation of two floral color morphs and the differences in pollination mechanisms, we comparatively analyzed the flowering dynamics of yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals, as well as flower-visiting insects and their visiting behaviors, to reveal the possible differences in pollination mechanisms between populations with different flower colors. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant differences in floral traits among different geographical populations (P < 0.05), but geographical distance and altitude had no significant effect on floral traits. Populations with different floral colors also did not show significant difference in floral traits (P > 0.05). Moreover, at different flowering stages, there were no significant differences in stamen length, pistil length and herkogamy degree between the two floral color populations (P > 0.05), but the stigma gradually elongated and exceeded the position of the anthers as the flowering period progressed. Observations on flower-visiting insects indicated that the main flower-visiting insects of yellow-flowered populations were Amegilla leptocoma and A. yunnanensis, while the main flower-visiting insect of the purple-flowered populations was A. leptocoma. Thus, yellow-flowered individuals have a more generalized assemblage of flower visitors, whereas purple-flowered individuals exhibit a more specialized pollination system. This study investigated the differentiation pattern of floral traits among different geographical populations, floral color diversity and pollination adaptation process of P. heterotricha, and provides a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and pollination service function assessment in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest..
Hainan Island, as one of the global biodiversity hotspots, has its biodiversity concentrated in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest. Primulina heterotricha, an endemic plant of Hainan Island, has a widespread distribution and consists of two floral color morphs: yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals. First, to clarify the differentiation pattern of floral traits among different geographical populations, we measured key floral traits including floral diameter, floral mouth width, and corolla tube length across various geographical populations, and analyzed the potential driving effect of geographical isolation on the differentiation of these floral traits. Second, focusing on the differentiation of two floral color morphs and the differences in pollination mechanisms, we comparatively analyzed the flowering dynamics of yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals, as well as flower-visiting insects and their visiting behaviors, to reveal the possible differences in pollination mechanisms between populations with different flower colors. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed significant differences in floral traits among different geographical populations (P < 0.05), but geographical distance and altitude had no significant effect on floral traits. Populations with different floral colors also did not show significant difference in floral traits (P > 0.05). Moreover, at different flowering stages, there were no significant differences in stamen length, pistil length and herkogamy degree between the two floral color populations (P > 0.05), but the stigma gradually elongated and exceeded the position of the anthers as the flowering period progressed. Observations on flower-visiting insects indicated that the main flower-visiting insects of yellow-flowered populations were Amegilla leptocoma and A. yunnanensis, while the main flower-visiting insect of the purple-flowered populations was A. leptocoma. Thus, yellow-flowered individuals have a more generalized assemblage of flower visitors, whereas purple-flowered individuals exhibit a more specialized pollination system. This study investigated the differentiation pattern of floral traits among different geographical populations, floral color diversity and pollination adaptation process of P. heterotricha, and provides a scientific basis for biodiversity conservation and pollination service function assessment in National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest..
2026,
17(5):
903-912.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250182
Abstract:
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco, a member of the genus Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae), is a dominant species in the tropical lowland rainforests of Hainan Island. Understanding its genetic dynamics and fine-scale gene dispersal patterns is essential for elucidating the ecological adaptation of dominant tree species in tropical ecosystems. In this context 372 individuals across different elevational gradients were sampled from Bawangling and Diaoluoshan within Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure, and fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) using seven microsatellite loci. The results revealed a relatively high overall genetic diversity in V. mangachapoi (Na = 7.107, He = 0.726), markedly higher than that of other two dipterocarps on Hainan Island, Hopea hainanensis (Na = 2.458, He = 0.432) and H. reticulata (Na = 3.636, He = 0.599). Structure analysis found that the high altitude population at Bawangling (BW-H) differentiated to some extent with the other three populations, while PCoA and NJ tree analyses could not detect clear genetic differentiation among the four populations. FSGS analyses indicated stronger spatial clustering of genotypes in high-elevation populations (Sp =0.0360 -0.0440 ) than that in low-elevation populations (Sp = 0.0096 −0.0168 ). Overall, all the findings indicate that the genetic dynamics of V. mangachapoi populations are influenced by elevational environmental gradients and provide scientific insights for the conservation and management of tropical dipterocarps.
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco, a member of the genus Vatica (Dipterocarpaceae), is a dominant species in the tropical lowland rainforests of Hainan Island. Understanding its genetic dynamics and fine-scale gene dispersal patterns is essential for elucidating the ecological adaptation of dominant tree species in tropical ecosystems. In this context 372 individuals across different elevational gradients were sampled from Bawangling and Diaoluoshan within Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure, and fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) using seven microsatellite loci. The results revealed a relatively high overall genetic diversity in V. mangachapoi (Na = 7.107, He = 0.726), markedly higher than that of other two dipterocarps on Hainan Island, Hopea hainanensis (Na = 2.458, He = 0.432) and H. reticulata (Na = 3.636, He = 0.599). Structure analysis found that the high altitude population at Bawangling (BW-H) differentiated to some extent with the other three populations, while PCoA and NJ tree analyses could not detect clear genetic differentiation among the four populations. FSGS analyses indicated stronger spatial clustering of genotypes in high-elevation populations (Sp =
2026,
17(5):
913-921.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250197
Abstract:
Anther connation is an important floral trait that influences pollination accuracy and efficiency by altering anther arrangement and anther-stigma separation (herkogamy). The flowering biology, the mechanical properties of connate anthers, and the pollination process of Aeschynanthus moningeriae (Gesneriaceae) at Mt. Wuzhi in Hainan Island, China were examined to investigate the developmental pattern of anther connation and pollination adaptation in the bird-pollinated A. moningeriae. The results showed that A. moningeriae is hermaphroditic, with didynamous stamens containing anthers in pairs from the bud stage and that anthers were coherent throughout the whole flowering period. The long anther pair ultimately formed an angle of approximately 180° (parallel) while the short anther pair grow at 115° (inverted V-shape). The short anther pair was connated with more fused part than the long anther pair. The mechanical strength of the short anther pair was F = (0.159 ± 0.031) N and F = (0.211 ± 0.034) N in the upward and downward directions respectively, which is significantly higher than that of the long anther pair [upward: F = (0.127 ± 0.020) N; downward: F = (0.117 ± 0.018) N]. The fork-tailed sunbird (Aethopyga latouchii) was the only effective pollinator. The red corolla, along with the black stripes on the lobes, function as a nectar guide. The long anther pair was mainly touched by the bird forehead, while the short anther pair was contacted mainly by the narrow base of the bird beak. Such separated pollen deposition increased the contact probobality of the stigma with pollen. Because the bird beak exerted stronger force on anthers, the higher mechanical strength with higher fusion proportion of the short anther pair can thus maintain at a fusion mode and spatial position of the connate anthers under stronger force, increasing pollen removal ratio.
Anther connation is an important floral trait that influences pollination accuracy and efficiency by altering anther arrangement and anther-stigma separation (herkogamy). The flowering biology, the mechanical properties of connate anthers, and the pollination process of Aeschynanthus moningeriae (Gesneriaceae) at Mt. Wuzhi in Hainan Island, China were examined to investigate the developmental pattern of anther connation and pollination adaptation in the bird-pollinated A. moningeriae. The results showed that A. moningeriae is hermaphroditic, with didynamous stamens containing anthers in pairs from the bud stage and that anthers were coherent throughout the whole flowering period. The long anther pair ultimately formed an angle of approximately 180° (parallel) while the short anther pair grow at 115° (inverted V-shape). The short anther pair was connated with more fused part than the long anther pair. The mechanical strength of the short anther pair was F = (0.159 ± 0.031) N and F = (0.211 ± 0.034) N in the upward and downward directions respectively, which is significantly higher than that of the long anther pair [upward: F = (0.127 ± 0.020) N; downward: F = (0.117 ± 0.018) N]. The fork-tailed sunbird (Aethopyga latouchii) was the only effective pollinator. The red corolla, along with the black stripes on the lobes, function as a nectar guide. The long anther pair was mainly touched by the bird forehead, while the short anther pair was contacted mainly by the narrow base of the bird beak. Such separated pollen deposition increased the contact probobality of the stigma with pollen. Because the bird beak exerted stronger force on anthers, the higher mechanical strength with higher fusion proportion of the short anther pair can thus maintain at a fusion mode and spatial position of the connate anthers under stronger force, increasing pollen removal ratio.
2026,
17(5):
922-931.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250141
Abstract:
An attempt was made to investigate the physiological response of Impatiens hainanensis, the near-threatened extremely small population, under the light intensity thresholds in habitat. I. hainanensis was treated with 50% light intensity (the maximum threshold in the habitat) and 20% light intensity (the minimum threshold in the habitat) to observe its growth, leaf anatomical structure, photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. The results showed that the ground diameter, height, crown width, leaf area and specific leaf area of I. hainanensis under the 50% light intensity were lower than those under the 20% light intensity. The stomatal density was significantly lower under the 50% light intensity than under the 20% light intensity, while single stomata area was significantly higher under the 50% than under the 20% light intensity. Compared with the 50% light intensity, the 20% light intensity significantly increased the leaf thickness, upper epidermal, palisade tissue and sponge tissue thickness. For leaf color and photosynthetic pigment content, the values of the color parameters a* (green-red axis) were significantly reduced and H (hue angle) significantly increased under the 20% light intensity compared with those under the 50% light intensity, and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents were higher, indicating that leaves were greener under the 20% light intensity. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximum photochemical quantum efficiency exhibited a significant increase under the 20% light intensity, and the light saturation point under the 20% light intensity was higher than that under the 50% light intensity, while the dark respiration rate and light compensation point under the 20% light intensity were both lower than those under the 50% light intensity. It is concluded that the 50% light intensity (the maximum threshold in the habitat) caused a certain degree of photoinhibition to I. hainanensis, while the 20% light intensity (the minimum threshold in the habitat) could avoid photoinhibition and guarantee the efficient photosynthesis. Thus, the 20% light intensity was more favorable to the growth and development of I. hainanensis.
An attempt was made to investigate the physiological response of Impatiens hainanensis, the near-threatened extremely small population, under the light intensity thresholds in habitat. I. hainanensis was treated with 50% light intensity (the maximum threshold in the habitat) and 20% light intensity (the minimum threshold in the habitat) to observe its growth, leaf anatomical structure, photosynthesis and fluorescence characteristics. The results showed that the ground diameter, height, crown width, leaf area and specific leaf area of I. hainanensis under the 50% light intensity were lower than those under the 20% light intensity. The stomatal density was significantly lower under the 50% light intensity than under the 20% light intensity, while single stomata area was significantly higher under the 50% than under the 20% light intensity. Compared with the 50% light intensity, the 20% light intensity significantly increased the leaf thickness, upper epidermal, palisade tissue and sponge tissue thickness. For leaf color and photosynthetic pigment content, the values of the color parameters a* (green-red axis) were significantly reduced and H (hue angle) significantly increased under the 20% light intensity compared with those under the 50% light intensity, and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents were higher, indicating that leaves were greener under the 20% light intensity. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximum photochemical quantum efficiency exhibited a significant increase under the 20% light intensity, and the light saturation point under the 20% light intensity was higher than that under the 50% light intensity, while the dark respiration rate and light compensation point under the 20% light intensity were both lower than those under the 50% light intensity. It is concluded that the 50% light intensity (the maximum threshold in the habitat) caused a certain degree of photoinhibition to I. hainanensis, while the 20% light intensity (the minimum threshold in the habitat) could avoid photoinhibition and guarantee the efficient photosynthesis. Thus, the 20% light intensity was more favorable to the growth and development of I. hainanensis.
2026,
17(5):
932-940.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250147
Abstract:
During the field survey in Jianfengling district of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, four plant species newly recorded in Hainan Province were reported, including: Viola nanlingensis J. S. Zhou & F. W. Xing, Capparis tenera Dalz and Primulina flavimaculata (W. T. Wang) Mich. Möller & A. Weber, Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. For each species, field photographs were provided along with descriptions of their morphological characteristics. Additionally, the gaps in the original literature and the Flora of China regarding the fruit and seed descriptions of Capparis tenera were supplemented. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Chenshan National Botanical Garden Herbarium (CSH) and the South China Botanical Garden Herbarium (IBSC). Furthermore, a correction was made regarding the 1981 publication by Chen Bangyu in the Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, which proposed two new species of Engelhardia from Hainan and stated that "Engelhardia spicata does not occur in Hainan, and that the plants previously misidentified as Engelhardia spicata should be recognized as a new species, Engelhardia hainanensis." It has now been confirmed that Engelhardia spicata does indeed exist in Hainan, with voucher specimens deposited in the South China Botanical Garden Herbarium (IBSC).
During the field survey in Jianfengling district of Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, four plant species newly recorded in Hainan Province were reported, including: Viola nanlingensis J. S. Zhou & F. W. Xing, Capparis tenera Dalz and Primulina flavimaculata (W. T. Wang) Mich. Möller & A. Weber, Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. For each species, field photographs were provided along with descriptions of their morphological characteristics. Additionally, the gaps in the original literature and the Flora of China regarding the fruit and seed descriptions of Capparis tenera were supplemented. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Shanghai Chenshan National Botanical Garden Herbarium (CSH) and the South China Botanical Garden Herbarium (IBSC). Furthermore, a correction was made regarding the 1981 publication by Chen Bangyu in the Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, which proposed two new species of Engelhardia from Hainan and stated that "Engelhardia spicata does not occur in Hainan, and that the plants previously misidentified as Engelhardia spicata should be recognized as a new species, Engelhardia hainanensis." It has now been confirmed that Engelhardia spicata does indeed exist in Hainan, with voucher specimens deposited in the South China Botanical Garden Herbarium (IBSC).
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