2016 Vol. 7, No. 4
2016, 7(4): 409-416.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.001
Abstract
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Abstract:
Fish nocardiosis has been spread in the south of China in recent years and has a huge adverse effect on the fishery industry. Nocardia seriolae is a leading cause of fish nocardiosis and has been reported in about 20 fish species. Zebrafish（ Danio rerio） were infected with a strong virulent? strain of N. seriolae ZJ0503 at different concentrations through intraperitoneal injection. A zebrafish model for N. seriolae was established through the observation of clinical symptoms,pathologic autopsy,pathogen isolation,50% lethal dose（ LD50） analysis and histopathological studies. The results show that an obvious infection happened in the zebrafish after challenged with N. seriolae ZJ0503. The LD50 of N. seriolae ZJ0503 was 3. 39 × 108 CFU/fish. Obvious pathological changes were observed in the zebrafish tissues,such as kidney,liver,pancreas,gill,skin and muscle. This study provides evidence that the zebrafish can be used as a model for N. seriolae infection,and the model is useful to study the pathogenic mechanism of fish nocardiosis for development of N. seriolae vaccine.
Fish nocardiosis has been spread in the south of China in recent years and has a huge adverse effect on the fishery industry. Nocardia seriolae is a leading cause of fish nocardiosis and has been reported in about 20 fish species. Zebrafish（ Danio rerio） were infected with a strong virulent? strain of N. seriolae ZJ0503 at different concentrations through intraperitoneal injection. A zebrafish model for N. seriolae was established through the observation of clinical symptoms,pathologic autopsy,pathogen isolation,50% lethal dose（ LD50） analysis and histopathological studies. The results show that an obvious infection happened in the zebrafish after challenged with N. seriolae ZJ0503. The LD50 of N. seriolae ZJ0503 was 3. 39 × 108 CFU/fish. Obvious pathological changes were observed in the zebrafish tissues,such as kidney,liver,pancreas,gill,skin and muscle. This study provides evidence that the zebrafish can be used as a model for N. seriolae infection,and the model is useful to study the pathogenic mechanism of fish nocardiosis for development of N. seriolae vaccine.
2016, 7(4): 417-421.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.002
Abstract:
Pinctada martensii,cultured in two different culture methods: sea cage aquaculture and re-circulating aquaculture were collected to determine the water content in their soft tissue by using direct-drying method,and their mineral elements（ Ca,Mg,Zn,Fe,Cr,Se,Cu,Mn,Ni,V,Mo,Cd and Co） by using ICP-AES and ICP-MS after processed by wet digestion method. The results show the 13 mineral elements in the soft tissue of P. martensii cultured for the same period of time but under different culture methods were significantly different（ P ＜ 0. 05）,except Co and Se. P. martensii had a higher content of Mg,Ca,Zn,Fe,Cr,Cu in the soft tissue under re-circulating aquaculture than under the sea cage aquaculture,but a lower content of Mn,Cd,Mo,V and Ni. No obvious significance was observed in mineral elements Co and Se under the two culture methods.
Pinctada martensii,cultured in two different culture methods: sea cage aquaculture and re-circulating aquaculture were collected to determine the water content in their soft tissue by using direct-drying method,and their mineral elements（ Ca,Mg,Zn,Fe,Cr,Se,Cu,Mn,Ni,V,Mo,Cd and Co） by using ICP-AES and ICP-MS after processed by wet digestion method. The results show the 13 mineral elements in the soft tissue of P. martensii cultured for the same period of time but under different culture methods were significantly different（ P ＜ 0. 05）,except Co and Se. P. martensii had a higher content of Mg,Ca,Zn,Fe,Cr,Cu in the soft tissue under re-circulating aquaculture than under the sea cage aquaculture,but a lower content of Mn,Cd,Mo,V and Ni. No obvious significance was observed in mineral elements Co and Se under the two culture methods.
2016, 7(4): 422-426.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.003
Abstract:
AFLP technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of the fifth generation of cultured stocks of abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. A total of 258 reproducible bands were amplified with 5 pairs of AFLP primers from 150 individuals of the 5 selected lines of the fifth generation of the cultured stocks（ 30 individuals each selected line）,of which 184 bands were polymorphic,accounting for 71. 32%. For all the selected lines the percentage polymorphic loci and average heterozygosity were 78. 43%-97. 06% and 0. 2143-0. 2653,respectively; and the Nei’s genetic identity and genetic distance among the selected lines were 0. 990 8-0. 998 6and 0. 001 4-0. 009 2,respectively. AMOVA analysis showed a large proportion（ 60. 7%） of genetic variation resided within the selected lines,while only a small proportion（ 39. 3%） of genetic variation resided among the selected lines. The pairwise φST values ranged from 0. 030 6 to 0. 039 2 for the selected lines,and no significant genetic differentiation was detected among the selected lines of the cultured stocks of the abalone H. diversicolor supertexta（ P ＞ 0. 001）.
AFLP technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of the fifth generation of cultured stocks of abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. A total of 258 reproducible bands were amplified with 5 pairs of AFLP primers from 150 individuals of the 5 selected lines of the fifth generation of the cultured stocks（ 30 individuals each selected line）,of which 184 bands were polymorphic,accounting for 71. 32%. For all the selected lines the percentage polymorphic loci and average heterozygosity were 78. 43%-97. 06% and 0. 2143-0. 2653,respectively; and the Nei’s genetic identity and genetic distance among the selected lines were 0. 990 8-0. 998 6and 0. 001 4-0. 009 2,respectively. AMOVA analysis showed a large proportion（ 60. 7%） of genetic variation resided within the selected lines,while only a small proportion（ 39. 3%） of genetic variation resided among the selected lines. The pairwise φST values ranged from 0. 030 6 to 0. 039 2 for the selected lines,and no significant genetic differentiation was detected among the selected lines of the cultured stocks of the abalone H. diversicolor supertexta（ P ＞ 0. 001）.
2016, 7(4): 427-434.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.004
Abstract:
Cassava axillary buds was used as explants,by adding different concentrations of 2,4-D and picloram to explore the best hormone condition for inducing somatic embryos and FEC; Using optimized regeneration system,studying the infection concentration、infection time of of Agrobacterium and the Screening concentration of hygromycin. The results show that: 12 mg·L-1 picloram is the best hormone concentration to induction somatic embryo and FEC; the optimal conditions for the conversion efficiency of FEC and the plant regeneration is OD600= 0. 4 of Agrobacterium and 30 min infection time,By increasing the concentration of hygromycin( 0,5,8,15 mg·L-1) selection is more advantageous to plant regeneration. The results of the study have optimized the existing cassava genetic transformation system,which provides a platform for cassava genetic engineering breeding.
Cassava axillary buds was used as explants,by adding different concentrations of 2,4-D and picloram to explore the best hormone condition for inducing somatic embryos and FEC; Using optimized regeneration system,studying the infection concentration、infection time of of Agrobacterium and the Screening concentration of hygromycin. The results show that: 12 mg·L-1 picloram is the best hormone concentration to induction somatic embryo and FEC; the optimal conditions for the conversion efficiency of FEC and the plant regeneration is OD600= 0. 4 of Agrobacterium and 30 min infection time,By increasing the concentration of hygromycin( 0,5,8,15 mg·L-1) selection is more advantageous to plant regeneration. The results of the study have optimized the existing cassava genetic transformation system,which provides a platform for cassava genetic engineering breeding.
2016, 7(4): 435-439.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.005
Abstract:
Corn parents YE478 and DAN340 were crossed to produce their first generation which were then inbred to produce 345 F3,4recombinant inbred lines（ RIL）. The parents,F1 and F3,4were used as the material to determine 6 traits in the corn ear,ie. ear length（ EL）,spike thickness（ ED）,kernel row number（ KRN）,kernel number per row（ KRE）,dry seed weight（ DSW）,hundred grain weight（ 100-GW）. These 6 traits were then placed for analysis of variance,correlation analysis and normality test. Results show that all traits except the 100-GW in the 345 lines were genetically different in reality. All the 6 traits were quantitatively genetic in the F3,4lines,and the values of their traits were close to those of their parents. The F3,4lines showed some transgressive segregations over their parents,and are hence good populations for genetic mapping.
Corn parents YE478 and DAN340 were crossed to produce their first generation which were then inbred to produce 345 F3,4recombinant inbred lines（ RIL）. The parents,F1 and F3,4were used as the material to determine 6 traits in the corn ear,ie. ear length（ EL）,spike thickness（ ED）,kernel row number（ KRN）,kernel number per row（ KRE）,dry seed weight（ DSW）,hundred grain weight（ 100-GW）. These 6 traits were then placed for analysis of variance,correlation analysis and normality test. Results show that all traits except the 100-GW in the 345 lines were genetically different in reality. All the 6 traits were quantitatively genetic in the F3,4lines,and the values of their traits were close to those of their parents. The F3,4lines showed some transgressive segregations over their parents,and are hence good populations for genetic mapping.
2016, 7(4): 440-443,449.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.006
Abstract:
Flowers of Oncidium Gower Ramsey ‘Gold No. 2’were observed to identify their developmental stages according to the morphological changes in different parts of a flower. and their changes in morphology,size,duration and weight（ fresh weight and dry weight） at each developmental stage were determined. The flower development of Oncidium Gower Ramsey was divided into eight stages: bud stage,bud burst stage,half-opened stage,pre-blooming stage,blooming stage,initial stage of senescence,senescence stage,and withered and abscised stage. The vase life for flower development from the bud stage to the withered and abscised stage was about 16-9 days,and the duration of optimal vase life（ from the half-opened stage to initial stage of senescence）for viewing was 4-8 days. In the development process of Oncidium Gower Ramsey cut flower,fresh and dry weight of each part of the cut flower tended to increase before and decline after the blooming stage.
Flowers of Oncidium Gower Ramsey ‘Gold No. 2’were observed to identify their developmental stages according to the morphological changes in different parts of a flower. and their changes in morphology,size,duration and weight（ fresh weight and dry weight） at each developmental stage were determined. The flower development of Oncidium Gower Ramsey was divided into eight stages: bud stage,bud burst stage,half-opened stage,pre-blooming stage,blooming stage,initial stage of senescence,senescence stage,and withered and abscised stage. The vase life for flower development from the bud stage to the withered and abscised stage was about 16-9 days,and the duration of optimal vase life（ from the half-opened stage to initial stage of senescence）for viewing was 4-8 days. In the development process of Oncidium Gower Ramsey cut flower,fresh and dry weight of each part of the cut flower tended to increase before and decline after the blooming stage.
2016, 7(4): 444-449.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.007
Abstract:
Mango Tainong 1（ Mangifera indica Linn.） were measured in terms of actual volume（ Vactual）,longitudinal diameter（ a） and mutually orthogonal maximum transverse diameters（ b,c） to estimate the actual mango volume by using both the correction method and the linear regression method,and the edible percentage of the fruit and the ratio of sugar to acid in the flesh were also determined to correlate the fruit volume with the flavor quality of the fruit. The actual mango volume was estimated by using the formula V = 0. 51 abc and V = 0. 494 5 abc + 2. 506（ r2= 0. 989 8） derived from both the correction method and the linear regression method. The fruit volume was found significantly correlated with the edible percentage of the fruit and the ratio of sugar to acid in the fruit flesh,and its formula were V = 0. 619 1 + 0. 000 559abc（ r2= 0. 205 6） and y = 13. 328 1 + 0. 034 7x( r2= 0. 179 5,but the fruit volume was not significantly correlated to the soluble sugar or the total acid content in the fruit flesh. This indicates that the mango fruit with larger volume had higher edible percentage and higher acid-sugar ratio and hence much better flavor quality.
Mango Tainong 1（ Mangifera indica Linn.） were measured in terms of actual volume（ Vactual）,longitudinal diameter（ a） and mutually orthogonal maximum transverse diameters（ b,c） to estimate the actual mango volume by using both the correction method and the linear regression method,and the edible percentage of the fruit and the ratio of sugar to acid in the flesh were also determined to correlate the fruit volume with the flavor quality of the fruit. The actual mango volume was estimated by using the formula V = 0. 51 abc and V = 0. 494 5 abc + 2. 506（ r2= 0. 989 8） derived from both the correction method and the linear regression method. The fruit volume was found significantly correlated with the edible percentage of the fruit and the ratio of sugar to acid in the fruit flesh,and its formula were V = 0. 619 1 + 0. 000 559abc（ r2= 0. 205 6） and y = 13. 328 1 + 0. 034 7x( r2= 0. 179 5,but the fruit volume was not significantly correlated to the soluble sugar or the total acid content in the fruit flesh. This indicates that the mango fruit with larger volume had higher edible percentage and higher acid-sugar ratio and hence much better flavor quality.
2016, 7(4): 450-456.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.008
Abstract:
Low temperature is a major factor restricting cultivation of vegetable sweet potato in winter and spring,in Hainan,China. In order to explore the mechanism of cold injury and evaluate the cold tolerance of vegetable sweet potato varieties,five vegetable sweet potato varieties were chosen as material to determine their physiological and biochemical parameters under the temperatures of 25,15,5 ℃ in the artificial climate chamber,and the resultant data were analyzed by using the membership function method to evaluate the cold tolerance of the varieties. The result showed that five vegetable sweet potato leaves treated at a lower temperature increased their relative electrical conductivity,malondialdehyde（ MDA） cell damage index,and that catalase（ CAT）,peroxidase（ POD） activity,and the contents of proline（ Pro）,soluble sugar and protein increased as the treatment temperature decreased. The parameters and their changes of the varieties were different. The membership function based comprehensive evaluation showed that the five vegetable sweet potato varieties had a cold tolerance in the order of Pushu53 ＞ Hainan local varieties ＞ Xucaishu 1 ＞ Xuzi caishu 8 ＞ Guangshucai 2 at the temperature of 15 ℃;Pushu53 ＞ Hainan local varieties ＞ Xuzicai 8 ＞ Xucaishu 1 ＞ Guangshucai 2 at the temperature of 5 ℃.
Low temperature is a major factor restricting cultivation of vegetable sweet potato in winter and spring,in Hainan,China. In order to explore the mechanism of cold injury and evaluate the cold tolerance of vegetable sweet potato varieties,five vegetable sweet potato varieties were chosen as material to determine their physiological and biochemical parameters under the temperatures of 25,15,5 ℃ in the artificial climate chamber,and the resultant data were analyzed by using the membership function method to evaluate the cold tolerance of the varieties. The result showed that five vegetable sweet potato leaves treated at a lower temperature increased their relative electrical conductivity,malondialdehyde（ MDA） cell damage index,and that catalase（ CAT）,peroxidase（ POD） activity,and the contents of proline（ Pro）,soluble sugar and protein increased as the treatment temperature decreased. The parameters and their changes of the varieties were different. The membership function based comprehensive evaluation showed that the five vegetable sweet potato varieties had a cold tolerance in the order of Pushu53 ＞ Hainan local varieties ＞ Xucaishu 1 ＞ Xuzi caishu 8 ＞ Guangshucai 2 at the temperature of 15 ℃;Pushu53 ＞ Hainan local varieties ＞ Xuzicai 8 ＞ Xucaishu 1 ＞ Guangshucai 2 at the temperature of 5 ℃.
2016, 7(4): 457-465,496.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.009
Abstract:
Stylosanthes（ Stylosanthes guianensias SW） is a leguminous crop used as green manure and forage in the tropics. Nitrogen content is one of the important index affecting the green manure quality for the leguminous green manure. The nitrogen contents of 134 accessions of Stylosanthes green manure germplasm were analyzed and evaluated. The result indicated that 35 accessions of the germplasm contained more than 2% of nitrogen,accounting for 26.1% of the total accessions of the germplasm; 98 germplasm accessions contained 1. 5%-2.0%of nitrogen,73.1% of the total germplasm accessions. All these accessions were grouped into class II. Only one germplasm accession contained nitrogen below 1. 5% and were grouped into class III.
Stylosanthes（ Stylosanthes guianensias SW） is a leguminous crop used as green manure and forage in the tropics. Nitrogen content is one of the important index affecting the green manure quality for the leguminous green manure. The nitrogen contents of 134 accessions of Stylosanthes green manure germplasm were analyzed and evaluated. The result indicated that 35 accessions of the germplasm contained more than 2% of nitrogen,accounting for 26.1% of the total accessions of the germplasm; 98 germplasm accessions contained 1. 5%-2.0%of nitrogen,73.1% of the total germplasm accessions. All these accessions were grouped into class II. Only one germplasm accession contained nitrogen below 1. 5% and were grouped into class III.
2016, 7(4): 466-471.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.010
Abstract:
The diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin（ STZ） at a dose of 65 mg·kg-1. The rats were randomly divided into normal group,diabetic group and curcumin treatment group（ n = 10）. The rats of each group were treated for 8 weeks. The results showed that curcumin treatment significantly lowered the blood glucose level and increased the expression of hepatic glycogen and the phosphorylation of Akt in the diabetic rats as compared with the diabetic group. Moreover,HE staining results also showed that the curcumin treatment group had a reduced liver injury when compared with the diabetic group. These results suggest that curcumin has an obvious role in regulating the disturbance of glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. This function of curcumin is associated with its role in upregulating the activity of Akt signaling pathway,and improving the antioxidative activity and reducing hepatic injury.
The diabetic rats were induced by streptozotocin（ STZ） at a dose of 65 mg·kg-1. The rats were randomly divided into normal group,diabetic group and curcumin treatment group（ n = 10）. The rats of each group were treated for 8 weeks. The results showed that curcumin treatment significantly lowered the blood glucose level and increased the expression of hepatic glycogen and the phosphorylation of Akt in the diabetic rats as compared with the diabetic group. Moreover,HE staining results also showed that the curcumin treatment group had a reduced liver injury when compared with the diabetic group. These results suggest that curcumin has an obvious role in regulating the disturbance of glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. This function of curcumin is associated with its role in upregulating the activity of Akt signaling pathway,and improving the antioxidative activity and reducing hepatic injury.
2016, 7(4): 472-476.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.017
Abstract:
Konjac glucomannan/silk fibroin peptide blend sols were prepared at different ratios by using physical blending method,and their rheological properties were analyzed by using the rheometer. Silk fibroin peptide was extracted and purified from the silkworm cocoon after degumming,dissolution and dialysis and then prepared after enzymolysis. The silk fibroin peptide was used to blend with konjac glucomannan（ KGM） at different ratios to prepare KGM/silk fibroin peptide（ SP） sols,and the properties of the KGM/SP blend sols were then determined through viscosity test,shock test and dynamic analysis. The blend sols were a pseudo plastic fluid with shear thinning behavior. The viscosity of the blend sols increased with the proportion of the konjac glucomannan in the blend sols. The KGM/SP blend sols prepared at the volume ratio of 2 ︰ 1 had the lowest frequency at the intersection of the elastic modulus and the loss modulus and was hence the most stable.
Konjac glucomannan/silk fibroin peptide blend sols were prepared at different ratios by using physical blending method,and their rheological properties were analyzed by using the rheometer. Silk fibroin peptide was extracted and purified from the silkworm cocoon after degumming,dissolution and dialysis and then prepared after enzymolysis. The silk fibroin peptide was used to blend with konjac glucomannan（ KGM） at different ratios to prepare KGM/silk fibroin peptide（ SP） sols,and the properties of the KGM/SP blend sols were then determined through viscosity test,shock test and dynamic analysis. The blend sols were a pseudo plastic fluid with shear thinning behavior. The viscosity of the blend sols increased with the proportion of the konjac glucomannan in the blend sols. The KGM/SP blend sols prepared at the volume ratio of 2 ︰ 1 had the lowest frequency at the intersection of the elastic modulus and the loss modulus and was hence the most stable.
2016, 7(4): 477-483.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.012
Abstract:
Mangrove is a unique plant community in tropical and sub-tropical coast areas that has multi-ecological benefits. Now there is a total of 38 species of mangrove plants in Hainan,including 26 species of true-mangrove plants and 12 semi-mangrove plants. However,the environmental threats,habitat loss and human disturbance occurred in the mangroves in the last decades,leading to severe damages to the living environment of most of the mangrove species. Community structure in the mangroves tended to become more simple and unstable.Some species,such as Nypa fruticans,Lumnitzera littorea and Sonnerati hainanensis,have been becoming endangered in recent years. A series of suggestions and protection methods are brought forward for the future ecological restoration and landscape application,such as establishing the gene pool for germplasm resource conservation,multiple cropping of the mangrove,improving the legislation system,strengthening research in the mangroves,and promoting the development of remote sensing techniques and the eco-tourism of the wetland.
Mangrove is a unique plant community in tropical and sub-tropical coast areas that has multi-ecological benefits. Now there is a total of 38 species of mangrove plants in Hainan,including 26 species of true-mangrove plants and 12 semi-mangrove plants. However,the environmental threats,habitat loss and human disturbance occurred in the mangroves in the last decades,leading to severe damages to the living environment of most of the mangrove species. Community structure in the mangroves tended to become more simple and unstable.Some species,such as Nypa fruticans,Lumnitzera littorea and Sonnerati hainanensis,have been becoming endangered in recent years. A series of suggestions and protection methods are brought forward for the future ecological restoration and landscape application,such as establishing the gene pool for germplasm resource conservation,multiple cropping of the mangrove,improving the legislation system,strengthening research in the mangroves,and promoting the development of remote sensing techniques and the eco-tourism of the wetland.
2016, 7(4): 484-488.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.013
Abstract:
Many aromatic plant resources exist in Hainan,providing huge development potential for aromatic tourism in this province. A survey was made of the distribution of aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan,and the characteristics of tourism to these aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan are analyzed to provide more information for reference to build typical aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan. In this survey field visits were made to these sites and questionnaires were prepared and delivered to the visitors visiting the 2 typical tourist sites in Hainan. The survey showed that the current aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan could not meet the people’s demands. In the aroma-based tourist sites there still existed some limitations that need improvements in landscape design,recreational activities and facilities as well as designing of a large fragrant flowers area,aromatic plants healthcare area,and aromatic vacation cottages. Some suggestions were made based on the survey and analysis for the betterment of the building of aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan.
Many aromatic plant resources exist in Hainan,providing huge development potential for aromatic tourism in this province. A survey was made of the distribution of aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan,and the characteristics of tourism to these aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan are analyzed to provide more information for reference to build typical aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan. In this survey field visits were made to these sites and questionnaires were prepared and delivered to the visitors visiting the 2 typical tourist sites in Hainan. The survey showed that the current aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan could not meet the people’s demands. In the aroma-based tourist sites there still existed some limitations that need improvements in landscape design,recreational activities and facilities as well as designing of a large fragrant flowers area,aromatic plants healthcare area,and aromatic vacation cottages. Some suggestions were made based on the survey and analysis for the betterment of the building of aroma-based tourist sites in Hainan.
2016, 7(4): 489-496,537.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.014
Abstract:
The single factor experiments and orthogonal experiment was employed to optimize two kind of chemical extraction process of soluble dietary fiber from papaya peel and its physicochemical properties was primarily compared to obtain the functional fraction. The optimum extraction method were as follows: the optimal process of acid hydrolysis method is extraction time 90 min,p H1. 0,extraction temperature 80 ℃,the ratio of water to raw material 1 ︰ 25（ g ︰ m L）,the extraction yield was 20. 70%,while the optimum process of alkali hydrolysis method is Na OH concentration 1. 4%,extraction temperature 75 ℃,the ratio of water to raw material 1 ︰ 20（ g ︰ m L）,extraction time 90 min,the extraction yield was 9. 17%. The extraction yield through acid-alkali is 29. 87%. The results of physicochemical property experiments showed that the solubility in water,water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of the soluble dietary fiber extracted by the acid hydrolysis method were lower than that extracted by the alkali hydrolysis method. While the oil holding capacity was higher. In conclusion,the soluble dietary fiber extracted from papaya peel by the two hydrolysis method both showed their different practical application values,which makes sense to the further processing and practical application of papaya.
The single factor experiments and orthogonal experiment was employed to optimize two kind of chemical extraction process of soluble dietary fiber from papaya peel and its physicochemical properties was primarily compared to obtain the functional fraction. The optimum extraction method were as follows: the optimal process of acid hydrolysis method is extraction time 90 min,p H1. 0,extraction temperature 80 ℃,the ratio of water to raw material 1 ︰ 25（ g ︰ m L）,the extraction yield was 20. 70%,while the optimum process of alkali hydrolysis method is Na OH concentration 1. 4%,extraction temperature 75 ℃,the ratio of water to raw material 1 ︰ 20（ g ︰ m L）,extraction time 90 min,the extraction yield was 9. 17%. The extraction yield through acid-alkali is 29. 87%. The results of physicochemical property experiments showed that the solubility in water,water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity of the soluble dietary fiber extracted by the acid hydrolysis method were lower than that extracted by the alkali hydrolysis method. While the oil holding capacity was higher. In conclusion,the soluble dietary fiber extracted from papaya peel by the two hydrolysis method both showed their different practical application values,which makes sense to the further processing and practical application of papaya.
2016, 7(4): 497-499.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.015
Abstract:
Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell was digested with Proteinase K solution rather than 10% KOH to extract its genomic DNA. F. virgata was pretreated before extraction by grinding the whole mealybug,pricking the mealybug with micro-pins on abdomen or without any treatment to the mealybug. Genomic DNA was extracted by the digestion kit following its directions,and the rest of the mealybug left after digestion was used for slide preparation. The results show genomic DNA was extracted from the mealybug with all the three pre-treatments and that the rest of the mealybug left in the latter two pretreatments was good to make slides. This is a new protocol for genomic DNA extraction combined with permanent slides mounting in mealybugs. It would be useful for DNA barcoding and systematic research of mealybugs.
Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell was digested with Proteinase K solution rather than 10% KOH to extract its genomic DNA. F. virgata was pretreated before extraction by grinding the whole mealybug,pricking the mealybug with micro-pins on abdomen or without any treatment to the mealybug. Genomic DNA was extracted by the digestion kit following its directions,and the rest of the mealybug left after digestion was used for slide preparation. The results show genomic DNA was extracted from the mealybug with all the three pre-treatments and that the rest of the mealybug left in the latter two pretreatments was good to make slides. This is a new protocol for genomic DNA extraction combined with permanent slides mounting in mealybugs. It would be useful for DNA barcoding and systematic research of mealybugs.
GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Constituents from Five Batches of Artificial Chinese Eaglewood in Huazhou
2016, 7(4): 500-509,516.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.016
Abstract:
The volatile constituents and their relative contents of five batches of Chinese eaglewood sampled from Huazhou,Guangdong,China were analyzed by GC-MS to investigate the influence of different eaglewood inducing methods and time on the quality of Chinese eaglewood from the same region. The highest yield of volatile oil in the five batches of the samples was 4. 93% and the lowest was 2. 29%. ? From all the samples were identified 72 peaks,of which 12 peaks were common. The results showed that all the volatile oils of the five samples were mainly composed of sesquiterpenes,2-（ 2-phenylethyl） chromones,and fatty acids. ? A lactone with an aromatic smell of the eaglewood induced from Aquilaria crassna,5,11-epoxy guaiane sesquiterpene lactone,was detected for the first time from the common Chinese eaglewood induced for 8 years by using the iron nailing method. The fire burning method induced eaglewood faster than the iron nailing method and cold iron holing method. The eaglewood with longer inducing time produced a higher yield of volatile oil,and the compounds of the volatile oil and their contents were much more consistent,indicating better quality of the volatile oils.
The volatile constituents and their relative contents of five batches of Chinese eaglewood sampled from Huazhou,Guangdong,China were analyzed by GC-MS to investigate the influence of different eaglewood inducing methods and time on the quality of Chinese eaglewood from the same region. The highest yield of volatile oil in the five batches of the samples was 4. 93% and the lowest was 2. 29%. ? From all the samples were identified 72 peaks,of which 12 peaks were common. The results showed that all the volatile oils of the five samples were mainly composed of sesquiterpenes,2-（ 2-phenylethyl） chromones,and fatty acids. ? A lactone with an aromatic smell of the eaglewood induced from Aquilaria crassna,5,11-epoxy guaiane sesquiterpene lactone,was detected for the first time from the common Chinese eaglewood induced for 8 years by using the iron nailing method. The fire burning method induced eaglewood faster than the iron nailing method and cold iron holing method. The eaglewood with longer inducing time produced a higher yield of volatile oil,and the compounds of the volatile oil and their contents were much more consistent,indicating better quality of the volatile oils.
2016, 7(4): 510-516.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.011
Abstract:
Konjac glucomannan（ KGM） is a kind of natural polysaccharide polymer which is separated and extracted from Amorphophalluss konjac tuber roots. KGM exhibits better functional properties such as hydrophilic,gelatin,edible,antimicrobial properties and film-forming property. The structure and properties of KGM were mainly introduced,with an emphasis on the film-forming mechanism and method of KGM composite membrane,the main factors influencing the performance of the KGM composite membrane and the recent application of the KGM composite membrane. A prospective of the future development trend of the KGM composite membrane is made,which is aimed to provide more new ideas for the development and utilization of the KGM composite membrane.
Konjac glucomannan（ KGM） is a kind of natural polysaccharide polymer which is separated and extracted from Amorphophalluss konjac tuber roots. KGM exhibits better functional properties such as hydrophilic,gelatin,edible,antimicrobial properties and film-forming property. The structure and properties of KGM were mainly introduced,with an emphasis on the film-forming mechanism and method of KGM composite membrane,the main factors influencing the performance of the KGM composite membrane and the recent application of the KGM composite membrane. A prospective of the future development trend of the KGM composite membrane is made,which is aimed to provide more new ideas for the development and utilization of the KGM composite membrane.
2016, 7(4): 517-521.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.018
Abstract:
NLRP3,belonging to one of the inflammasomes,can be activated by pathogens of various diseases or danger signals and hence plays an important role in the onset and development of various diseases including diabetes. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome expression has since turned to be a hot topic for medicinal research in the world. The inhibiting substances of the NLRP3 inflammasome can be found via either synthetic or natural method. The research progress in natural inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome were reviewed from some databases such as CNKI,Pubmed,etc. More than 20 compounds were found to inhibit the NLRP2 inflammasome,of which flavonoids,terpenoids,and alkaloids were described. This review might provide scientific evidence for developing new drugs in the future.
NLRP3,belonging to one of the inflammasomes,can be activated by pathogens of various diseases or danger signals and hence plays an important role in the onset and development of various diseases including diabetes. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome expression has since turned to be a hot topic for medicinal research in the world. The inhibiting substances of the NLRP3 inflammasome can be found via either synthetic or natural method. The research progress in natural inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome were reviewed from some databases such as CNKI,Pubmed,etc. More than 20 compounds were found to inhibit the NLRP2 inflammasome,of which flavonoids,terpenoids,and alkaloids were described. This review might provide scientific evidence for developing new drugs in the future.
2016, 7(4): 522-529.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.04.019
Abstract:
The influences of abscisic acid,brassinosteroids,auxin and ethylene on the expression of genes and the production of metabolites of the flavonoids in the berries of the grape（ Vitis vinifera L.）,as well as the underlying mechanism were reviewed. The future researches in this field were discussed,including the cross-talk of hormones,the difference in the regulatory mechanism among grape varieties and the regulation of transcription factors.
The influences of abscisic acid,brassinosteroids,auxin and ethylene on the expression of genes and the production of metabolites of the flavonoids in the berries of the grape（ Vitis vinifera L.）,as well as the underlying mechanism were reviewed. The future researches in this field were discussed,including the cross-talk of hormones,the difference in the regulatory mechanism among grape varieties and the regulation of transcription factors.
2016, 7(4): 531-536.
Abstract:
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