2017 Vol. 8, No. 1
2017, 8(1): 1-6.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.001
Abstract
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Abstract:
Trachinotus ovatus was cultured at 5 stocking densities,e. g. 40,45,50,55,60 fishes/cubic meters in the HDPE circular double-buoy anti-wave net cages 60 m long in perimeter in the anti-wave net cage aquaculture sites around the waters of Houshuiwan Gulf,Lingao,Hainan,China to study the effect of stocking density on aquaculture of T. ovatus in the large net cage. The results showed that the influence of stocking density on survival rate and profit margin was not obvious in the density range of 40-50 fish ·m-3（ p ＞ 0. 05）. At this density range T. ovatus had a survival rate of more than 80% and a profit margin of above 45%. The feed coefficient increased with the stocking density,and was the highest（ 1. 93） in the 60 fish·m-3group and the lowest（ 1. 72） in the 40 fish·m-3group. The percentage of Grade A fish decreased with an increase in stocking density but that of the fish in Grades B,C increased. The cost of the fish farming at the range of 40-50 fish·m-3decreased with an increase in stocking density（ P ＜ 0. 05） and then tended to increase（ P ＜ 0. 01） at higher stocking densities,the highest cost being in the 60 fish·m-3group( 18. 08 yuan·kg-1) and the lowest being in the 50 fish·m-3group( 16. 43yuan·kg-1). The profits of the fish aquaculture increased with the stocking density at the stocking density range of 40-50 fish·m-3（ P ＜ 0. 01） but decreased rapidly with the stocking density at the range of 50-60 fish·m-3（ P ＜ 0. 01）. The highest profit was in the stocking density of 50 fish·m-3( 185. 49 yuan·kg-1) and the lowest in the stocking density of 60 fish·m-3( 123. 85 yuan·kg-1). It is hence recommended to farm T. ovatus at the stocking density range of 45-50 fishs·m-3to produce optimal economic returns and less risk in fish aquaculture.
Trachinotus ovatus was cultured at 5 stocking densities,e. g. 40,45,50,55,60 fishes/cubic meters in the HDPE circular double-buoy anti-wave net cages 60 m long in perimeter in the anti-wave net cage aquaculture sites around the waters of Houshuiwan Gulf,Lingao,Hainan,China to study the effect of stocking density on aquaculture of T. ovatus in the large net cage. The results showed that the influence of stocking density on survival rate and profit margin was not obvious in the density range of 40-50 fish ·m-3（ p ＞ 0. 05）. At this density range T. ovatus had a survival rate of more than 80% and a profit margin of above 45%. The feed coefficient increased with the stocking density,and was the highest（ 1. 93） in the 60 fish·m-3group and the lowest（ 1. 72） in the 40 fish·m-3group. The percentage of Grade A fish decreased with an increase in stocking density but that of the fish in Grades B,C increased. The cost of the fish farming at the range of 40-50 fish·m-3decreased with an increase in stocking density（ P ＜ 0. 05） and then tended to increase（ P ＜ 0. 01） at higher stocking densities,the highest cost being in the 60 fish·m-3group( 18. 08 yuan·kg-1) and the lowest being in the 50 fish·m-3group( 16. 43yuan·kg-1). The profits of the fish aquaculture increased with the stocking density at the stocking density range of 40-50 fish·m-3（ P ＜ 0. 01） but decreased rapidly with the stocking density at the range of 50-60 fish·m-3（ P ＜ 0. 01）. The highest profit was in the stocking density of 50 fish·m-3( 185. 49 yuan·kg-1) and the lowest in the stocking density of 60 fish·m-3( 123. 85 yuan·kg-1). It is hence recommended to farm T. ovatus at the stocking density range of 45-50 fishs·m-3to produce optimal economic returns and less risk in fish aquaculture.
2017, 8(1): 7-13.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.002
Abstract:
Red breathing silica loops and white ceramic rings were placed in the aerated biofilter to observe their removal of NH4+-N and NO2--N from the wastewater in the aquaculture of Portunus trituberculatus by using the biofilm formation method. Mathematical models were set up for the changes of NH4+-N and NO2--N concentration in the wastewater. The results showed that the NH4+-N concentration descended gradually with time in both the breathing silica loops and the white ceramic rings at different ratio while the NO2--N concentration rose to the peak and then decreased. The red breathing silica loops at the ratio 14% and 10% had the highest removal rate of NH4+-N and NO2--N. They reduced the NH4+-N concentration of the wastewater to 0. 056 ±0. 014 mg·L-1with a removal rate of 97. 37% at days 21-23 after treatment; the NO2-N concentration rose to the peak(1. 722 mg·L-1±0. 014 mg·L-1) at day 10 after treatment and decreased to the lowest( 0. 024 ±0. 009 mg·L-1) at days24-26. The concentration of NH4+-N（ y） in the wastewater fits the model of y = a/( 1 + becx) + d and that of NO2--N（ y） fits the model y = xae（b/x + cx）+ d for the biofiltering mateials at different ratios.
Red breathing silica loops and white ceramic rings were placed in the aerated biofilter to observe their removal of NH4+-N and NO2--N from the wastewater in the aquaculture of Portunus trituberculatus by using the biofilm formation method. Mathematical models were set up for the changes of NH4+-N and NO2--N concentration in the wastewater. The results showed that the NH4+-N concentration descended gradually with time in both the breathing silica loops and the white ceramic rings at different ratio while the NO2--N concentration rose to the peak and then decreased. The red breathing silica loops at the ratio 14% and 10% had the highest removal rate of NH4+-N and NO2--N. They reduced the NH4+-N concentration of the wastewater to 0. 056 ±0. 014 mg·L-1with a removal rate of 97. 37% at days 21-23 after treatment; the NO2-N concentration rose to the peak(1. 722 mg·L-1±0. 014 mg·L-1) at day 10 after treatment and decreased to the lowest( 0. 024 ±0. 009 mg·L-1) at days24-26. The concentration of NH4+-N（ y） in the wastewater fits the model of y = a/( 1 + becx) + d and that of NO2--N（ y） fits the model y = xae（b/x + cx）+ d for the biofiltering mateials at different ratios.
2017, 8(1): 14-21,28.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.003
Abstract:
WRKY family is one of the largest families of transcription factors in higher plants. The WRKY transcription factors play a central role in signal networks and plant growth. The WRKY transcription factors have been extensively studied in response to biotic stresses in model plants,but little information about their roles in cassava is available. According to the WRKY sequences of Arabidopsis and rice,and cassava genome sequences,25 WRKY genes in cassava were predicted and analyzed including their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression profiles of these genes in response to pathogen were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The results showed that the 25 identified Me WRKY genes in cassava had the conserved WRKY domain and zinc-finger structure and had distinct expression patterns in response to pathogen infection,out of which 16 were significantly up-or down-regulated,implying that these members might participate in defense response to biotic stresses in cassava.
WRKY family is one of the largest families of transcription factors in higher plants. The WRKY transcription factors play a central role in signal networks and plant growth. The WRKY transcription factors have been extensively studied in response to biotic stresses in model plants,but little information about their roles in cassava is available. According to the WRKY sequences of Arabidopsis and rice,and cassava genome sequences,25 WRKY genes in cassava were predicted and analyzed including their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression profiles of these genes in response to pathogen were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The results showed that the 25 identified Me WRKY genes in cassava had the conserved WRKY domain and zinc-finger structure and had distinct expression patterns in response to pathogen infection,out of which 16 were significantly up-or down-regulated,implying that these members might participate in defense response to biotic stresses in cassava.
2017, 8(1): 22-28.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.004
Abstract:
Five common invasive plants,Lantana camara Linn,Mikania micrantha Kunth,Mimosa pudica Linn,Praxelis clematidea Cassini and Wedelia trilobata（ L.） Hitchc were extracted with ethanol to detect their antifungal activities on Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（ Penz.） Penz. ＆ Sacc by using mycelial growth rate method. The major components of the extracts were determined by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（ GC-MS）. The results showed that the extracts from the five alien invasive plants contained anti-fungal activities against these two fungi and that their inhibition rate of the fungi increased with the concentration of the extracts. Among the extracts the extract of L. camara Linn displayed the highest inhibitory activity on B.theobromae Pat.,with an EC50 being 10. 39 g·L-1. The extracts of Mikania micrantha had strong antimicrobial activity on B. theobromae Pat and C. gloeosporioides（ Penz.） Penz. ＆ Sacc,with the EC50 of 14. 70 g·L-1and14. 77 g·L-1,respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 14 chemical constituents in the extract of M. micrantha. The major components in the extracts of M. micrantha included 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-（ 4-methoxyphenyl）-,Arbutin and 1,2,4-Cyclohexanetriol,which made up 81. 85% of the total content.These components might be the active chemical ingredients which inhibited B. theobromae Pat and C. gloeosporioides（ Penz.） Penz. ＆ Sacc.
Five common invasive plants,Lantana camara Linn,Mikania micrantha Kunth,Mimosa pudica Linn,Praxelis clematidea Cassini and Wedelia trilobata（ L.） Hitchc were extracted with ethanol to detect their antifungal activities on Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides（ Penz.） Penz. ＆ Sacc by using mycelial growth rate method. The major components of the extracts were determined by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry（ GC-MS）. The results showed that the extracts from the five alien invasive plants contained anti-fungal activities against these two fungi and that their inhibition rate of the fungi increased with the concentration of the extracts. Among the extracts the extract of L. camara Linn displayed the highest inhibitory activity on B.theobromae Pat.,with an EC50 being 10. 39 g·L-1. The extracts of Mikania micrantha had strong antimicrobial activity on B. theobromae Pat and C. gloeosporioides（ Penz.） Penz. ＆ Sacc,with the EC50 of 14. 70 g·L-1and14. 77 g·L-1,respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 14 chemical constituents in the extract of M. micrantha. The major components in the extracts of M. micrantha included 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-（ 4-methoxyphenyl）-,Arbutin and 1,2,4-Cyclohexanetriol,which made up 81. 85% of the total content.These components might be the active chemical ingredients which inhibited B. theobromae Pat and C. gloeosporioides（ Penz.） Penz. ＆ Sacc.
2017, 8(1): 29-36.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.005
Abstract:
The secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides JG-12 of Ceriops tagal were isolated and purified by various column chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compounds were identified through a combined analysis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic evidence. The compounds were tested to observed their anti-bacterial,anti-acetylcholinesterase activities and their inhibitory activity against Panagrellus redivivus in vitro. Six compounds were isolated from the endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides JG-12 of Ceriops tagal,and their structures were determined as（ 5S）-5-hydroxy-7-（ 4 "-hydroxy-3"-methoxy-phenyl）-1-phenyl-3-heptanone（ 1）,ilicicolin H（ 2）,2-chloro-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol（ 3）,（ 7R）-methoxypurpuride（ 4）,（ 5aS,9S,9aS）-1,3,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a-decahydro-6,6,9a-trimethyl-3-oxonaphtho[1,2-c]furan-9-yl N-acetyl-L-valinate（ 5）,ergosterolperoxide（ 3β-hydroxy-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-diene）（ 6）. The Compound 1 showed weak inhibitory effect against Ralstonia solanacearum and Staphylococcus aureus,and the Compound 3 exhibited inhibitory effect against Candida albicans. The Compounds 1 and 3-5 displayed their inhibitory activities against Panagrellus redivivus. The Compounds 1-5 revealed their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase.
The secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides JG-12 of Ceriops tagal were isolated and purified by various column chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compounds were identified through a combined analysis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic evidence. The compounds were tested to observed their anti-bacterial,anti-acetylcholinesterase activities and their inhibitory activity against Panagrellus redivivus in vitro. Six compounds were isolated from the endophytic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides JG-12 of Ceriops tagal,and their structures were determined as（ 5S）-5-hydroxy-7-（ 4 "-hydroxy-3"-methoxy-phenyl）-1-phenyl-3-heptanone（ 1）,ilicicolin H（ 2）,2-chloro-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol（ 3）,（ 7R）-methoxypurpuride（ 4）,（ 5aS,9S,9aS）-1,3,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9a-decahydro-6,6,9a-trimethyl-3-oxonaphtho[1,2-c]furan-9-yl N-acetyl-L-valinate（ 5）,ergosterolperoxide（ 3β-hydroxy-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-diene）（ 6）. The Compound 1 showed weak inhibitory effect against Ralstonia solanacearum and Staphylococcus aureus,and the Compound 3 exhibited inhibitory effect against Candida albicans. The Compounds 1 and 3-5 displayed their inhibitory activities against Panagrellus redivivus. The Compounds 1-5 revealed their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase.
2017, 8(1): 37-41.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.006
Abstract:
Livestock and poultry manure digested biogas slurry was used to prepare formulated biogas slurry fertilizer which was applied onto chilli pepper（ Capsicum annuum） to observe its effect on the photosynthesis and yield of chilli pepper,and compared with the blank and conventional fertilizer. The results show that the formulated biogas-slurry fertilizer significantly improved and promoted the photosynthesis and yield of the chilli pepper,which varied to different extents with the increase in the concentration of the biogas-slurry fertilizer. When dressed with the biogas-slurry fertilizer at the concentration of 30% the chilli pepper leaves contained the highest chlorophyll,8. 57% higher than that of the conventional inorganic fertilizer,and their net photosynthesis rate（ Pn）,stomatal conductance（ Gs）,intercellular CO2 concentration（ Ci）,transpiration rate（ Tr）,water utilization efficiency（ WUE） and stomatal limiting values（ Ls） showed no evident increase as compared to those of the conventional fertilizer. The chilli pepper dressed with the biogas-slurry fertilizer yielded 8. 70% higher than that dressed with the conventional fertilizer,which was significantly different. This indicated that the biogas-slurry fertilizer is a good liquid fertilizer in agricultural production.
Livestock and poultry manure digested biogas slurry was used to prepare formulated biogas slurry fertilizer which was applied onto chilli pepper（ Capsicum annuum） to observe its effect on the photosynthesis and yield of chilli pepper,and compared with the blank and conventional fertilizer. The results show that the formulated biogas-slurry fertilizer significantly improved and promoted the photosynthesis and yield of the chilli pepper,which varied to different extents with the increase in the concentration of the biogas-slurry fertilizer. When dressed with the biogas-slurry fertilizer at the concentration of 30% the chilli pepper leaves contained the highest chlorophyll,8. 57% higher than that of the conventional inorganic fertilizer,and their net photosynthesis rate（ Pn）,stomatal conductance（ Gs）,intercellular CO2 concentration（ Ci）,transpiration rate（ Tr）,water utilization efficiency（ WUE） and stomatal limiting values（ Ls） showed no evident increase as compared to those of the conventional fertilizer. The chilli pepper dressed with the biogas-slurry fertilizer yielded 8. 70% higher than that dressed with the conventional fertilizer,which was significantly different. This indicated that the biogas-slurry fertilizer is a good liquid fertilizer in agricultural production.
2017, 8(1): 42-47.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.007
Abstract:
Cowpea was planted and applied with coir organic fertilizer,bio-mixed active fertilizer and compound fertilizer as a basal fertilizer to study the effects of the application rates of the basal fertilizer on soil fertility and cowpea pod quality and yield. The results showed that the coir organic fertilizer had a better effect on the improvement of soil fertility and that the application of the coir organic fertilizer especially at the rate of 14 285. 71kg·hm-2（ B2） increased the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium and the p H value to some extents,which were significantly different as compared to those of the control（ CK0） before planting and the compound fertilizer treatment（ CK）. The coir organic fertilizer had better effect than the compound fertilizer and biological enzyme activity,and produced the highest yield at the application rate of 9 523. 81kg·hm-2（ B1）,followed by the B2. There was no significant difference in cowpea yield between B1 and B2. Cowpea treated with B2 exhibited the best overall pod nutritional quality.
Cowpea was planted and applied with coir organic fertilizer,bio-mixed active fertilizer and compound fertilizer as a basal fertilizer to study the effects of the application rates of the basal fertilizer on soil fertility and cowpea pod quality and yield. The results showed that the coir organic fertilizer had a better effect on the improvement of soil fertility and that the application of the coir organic fertilizer especially at the rate of 14 285. 71kg·hm-2（ B2） increased the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium and the p H value to some extents,which were significantly different as compared to those of the control（ CK0） before planting and the compound fertilizer treatment（ CK）. The coir organic fertilizer had better effect than the compound fertilizer and biological enzyme activity,and produced the highest yield at the application rate of 9 523. 81kg·hm-2（ B1）,followed by the B2. There was no significant difference in cowpea yield between B1 and B2. Cowpea treated with B2 exhibited the best overall pod nutritional quality.
2017, 8(1): 48-51,57.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.008
Abstract:
Oncidium flowers（ Oncidium Gower Ramsey） at different flowering stages were treated with ethylene agents such as silver thiosulfate（ STS） and 1-methylcyclopropene（ 1-MCP）,and ethylene releaser ethephon to observe the effects of the ethylene agents used as preservatives on cut flowers. The results show that the aging process of Oncidium flowers could be obviously shortened by ethephon application after the half-opened stage.The STS treatment could prolong the prior-to-full-opening stage and the full-opened stage of flowers. The 1-MCP treatment could delay the senescing progression of flowers at the initial stage of senescence and the senescence stage. The ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid（ ACC） content of the flower parts at different flowering stages were determined. The results showed that ACC contents of the gynandria and sepals of the cut flowers were steady during the bud-burst stage and the half-opened stage,but rose after the half-opened stage,and that ethylene production increased after the prior-to-full-opening stage. ACC contents of petals increased slowly after the prior-to-full-opening stage and peaked at the initial stage of senescence. The effectiveness of the preservatives appeared to be strongly affected by the initiation of endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in Oncidium cut flowers.
Oncidium flowers（ Oncidium Gower Ramsey） at different flowering stages were treated with ethylene agents such as silver thiosulfate（ STS） and 1-methylcyclopropene（ 1-MCP）,and ethylene releaser ethephon to observe the effects of the ethylene agents used as preservatives on cut flowers. The results show that the aging process of Oncidium flowers could be obviously shortened by ethephon application after the half-opened stage.The STS treatment could prolong the prior-to-full-opening stage and the full-opened stage of flowers. The 1-MCP treatment could delay the senescing progression of flowers at the initial stage of senescence and the senescence stage. The ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid（ ACC） content of the flower parts at different flowering stages were determined. The results showed that ACC contents of the gynandria and sepals of the cut flowers were steady during the bud-burst stage and the half-opened stage,but rose after the half-opened stage,and that ethylene production increased after the prior-to-full-opening stage. ACC contents of petals increased slowly after the prior-to-full-opening stage and peaked at the initial stage of senescence. The effectiveness of the preservatives appeared to be strongly affected by the initiation of endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in Oncidium cut flowers.
2017, 8(1): 52-57.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.009
Abstract:
The pollen germination and stigma receptivity is an important part of plant reproduction,and it is the basis for the artificial pollination in reproduction and crossbreeding. The pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth of cassava varieties SC5 and SC7 were observed by using the method for pollen germination in situ and in vivo,and the stigma receptivity was detected by using the benzidine-hydrogen peroxide test. The differences of the pollen tube germination process in selfng or crossing of these two cassava varieties were analyzed to determine the best pollination time for the stigmas of the pistil of cassava. The results show that there are differences in pollination affinity of the cassava varieties in the self-and cross-pollination,and that cross pollination had obvious advantages in pollen germination speed and rate. The best pollination time for the stigma was 2-5 h after the female flowers opened,and the stigma receptivity was the highest within 5-24 h. The stigma receptivity turned to be weaker with time and was no longer available after 72 h.
The pollen germination and stigma receptivity is an important part of plant reproduction,and it is the basis for the artificial pollination in reproduction and crossbreeding. The pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth of cassava varieties SC5 and SC7 were observed by using the method for pollen germination in situ and in vivo,and the stigma receptivity was detected by using the benzidine-hydrogen peroxide test. The differences of the pollen tube germination process in selfng or crossing of these two cassava varieties were analyzed to determine the best pollination time for the stigmas of the pistil of cassava. The results show that there are differences in pollination affinity of the cassava varieties in the self-and cross-pollination,and that cross pollination had obvious advantages in pollen germination speed and rate. The best pollination time for the stigma was 2-5 h after the female flowers opened,and the stigma receptivity was the highest within 5-24 h. The stigma receptivity turned to be weaker with time and was no longer available after 72 h.
2017, 8(1): 58-63.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.010
Abstract:
Nine derivatives of 2-（ 2-phenylethyl） chromone were isolated from the agarwood originating from Gyrinops salicifolia by the column chromatography method with ODS,silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,etc,and their structures were then identified by using wave spectroscopy. The compounds were identified by using colorimetry as 6-hydroxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl） chromone（ 1）,6-hydroxy-2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]chromone（ 2）,6,8-dihydroxy-2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]chromone（ 3）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（ 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl） ethyl] chromone（ 4）,（ 5R,6R,7S,8R）-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,6,7,8-hydroxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl）-4-hydrogen-chromone（ 5）,5α,6β,7β,8α-trihydroxy-methoxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl）-4 hydrogen-chromone（ 6）,6-hydroxy-7-methoxy2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]chromone（ 7）,（ 5S,6S,7S,8R）-2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone（ 8） and 8-chloro-6-hydroxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl）chromen-4-one（ 9）. All of the compounds were isolated from agarwood originating from Gyrinops salicifolia for the first time. All the chemical constituents above were tested for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity using the Ellman method. The result indicated that compounds 2,4,8,9 exhibited inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase.
Nine derivatives of 2-（ 2-phenylethyl） chromone were isolated from the agarwood originating from Gyrinops salicifolia by the column chromatography method with ODS,silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,etc,and their structures were then identified by using wave spectroscopy. The compounds were identified by using colorimetry as 6-hydroxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl） chromone（ 1）,6-hydroxy-2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]chromone（ 2）,6,8-dihydroxy-2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]chromone（ 3）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（ 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl） ethyl] chromone（ 4）,（ 5R,6R,7S,8R）-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,6,7,8-hydroxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl）-4-hydrogen-chromone（ 5）,5α,6β,7β,8α-trihydroxy-methoxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl）-4 hydrogen-chromone（ 6）,6-hydroxy-7-methoxy2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenoxy） ethyl]chromone（ 7）,（ 5S,6S,7S,8R）-2-[2-（ 4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrochromone（ 8） and 8-chloro-6-hydroxy-2-（ 2-phenylethyl）chromen-4-one（ 9）. All of the compounds were isolated from agarwood originating from Gyrinops salicifolia for the first time. All the chemical constituents above were tested for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity using the Ellman method. The result indicated that compounds 2,4,8,9 exhibited inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase.
2017, 8(1): 64-70.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.011
Abstract:
In order to effectively utilize fermented noni seeds,the fermented seeds of noni（ Morinda citrifolia）were extracted by steam distillation or 95% ethanol,and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry（ GC-MS）. The 95% ethanol extract was analyzed by using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance（ EPR） Spectrometer A320 to determine its anti-oxidant activities. The results showed that the extracts of the fermented noni seeds contained mostly esters,as well as some acids and alcohols. The GC-MS analysis showed that the ethanol extract contained squalene with its relative content of 12. 95%,which was first found in the fermented noni seeds. The EPR spectroscopy showed that the ethanol extract of the fermented Noni had a very high anti-oxidation activity,higher in the low than the upper layer of the extract. It is concluded that the fermented noni seeds contained some bioactive ingredients with anti-oxidant activity. These active ingredients merit development.
In order to effectively utilize fermented noni seeds,the fermented seeds of noni（ Morinda citrifolia）were extracted by steam distillation or 95% ethanol,and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry（ GC-MS）. The 95% ethanol extract was analyzed by using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance（ EPR） Spectrometer A320 to determine its anti-oxidant activities. The results showed that the extracts of the fermented noni seeds contained mostly esters,as well as some acids and alcohols. The GC-MS analysis showed that the ethanol extract contained squalene with its relative content of 12. 95%,which was first found in the fermented noni seeds. The EPR spectroscopy showed that the ethanol extract of the fermented Noni had a very high anti-oxidation activity,higher in the low than the upper layer of the extract. It is concluded that the fermented noni seeds contained some bioactive ingredients with anti-oxidant activity. These active ingredients merit development.
2017, 8(1): 71-77.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.012
Abstract:
In order to understand the relationship of wheat flour milling systems with wheat flour color,dough sheet color and brown stain of the flour from different flour milling systems and well improve wheat flour quality,the wheat flour samples collected from 20 streams of flour milling systems were determined to observe their L*,a*,b*values,ash content,protein content,bran speck area,black dot area,dough sheet color and browning.The results showed that flour milling system had a great influence on wheat flour color except raw grain and its cleaning effect. The b*values,ash content,protein content,bran speck area and black dot area of wheat flour were higher in the latter than the former streams,and tended to decline gradually in the XF flour,the latter break streams of B flour,T flour,the former break streams of B flour,the former streams of M flour,D flour,S flour,the former reduction streams of M flour; L*,a*values were just the opposite. Dough sheet color of different flour systems gradually became darker over time,had the highest change at 8 h and 24 h and turned brown obviously. Dough sheet of the former streams of M flour was higher in L*value than those from other streams of flour,and it was whiter and was browning slowly,followed by B flour,T flour and D flour. The former reduction streams of M flour was the best and belonged to fine powder in the four milling systems. XF flour was the worst and belonged to poor powder since its dough sheet color was dark and yellow. Therefore,the former break streams of B flour and the former reduction streams of M flour were recommended as high quality wheat flour with good color.
In order to understand the relationship of wheat flour milling systems with wheat flour color,dough sheet color and brown stain of the flour from different flour milling systems and well improve wheat flour quality,the wheat flour samples collected from 20 streams of flour milling systems were determined to observe their L*,a*,b*values,ash content,protein content,bran speck area,black dot area,dough sheet color and browning.The results showed that flour milling system had a great influence on wheat flour color except raw grain and its cleaning effect. The b*values,ash content,protein content,bran speck area and black dot area of wheat flour were higher in the latter than the former streams,and tended to decline gradually in the XF flour,the latter break streams of B flour,T flour,the former break streams of B flour,the former streams of M flour,D flour,S flour,the former reduction streams of M flour; L*,a*values were just the opposite. Dough sheet color of different flour systems gradually became darker over time,had the highest change at 8 h and 24 h and turned brown obviously. Dough sheet of the former streams of M flour was higher in L*value than those from other streams of flour,and it was whiter and was browning slowly,followed by B flour,T flour and D flour. The former reduction streams of M flour was the best and belonged to fine powder in the four milling systems. XF flour was the worst and belonged to poor powder since its dough sheet color was dark and yellow. Therefore,the former break streams of B flour and the former reduction streams of M flour were recommended as high quality wheat flour with good color.
2017, 8(1): 78-85,119.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.013
Abstract:
A field survey was made to investigate Cyperaceae plant resources in 18 counties or cities of Hainan Island,China during the years from 2010 through 2016. This survey covered tropical tussock grassland in the low mountains and hills,mountainous tropical sussock grassland,tropical shrub-tussock grassland,hot-dry savanna shub-tussock grassland,low wetland meadow grassland,coastal low-lying saline-alkaline grassland,and farmland interval grassland. Sample-line method was used for the survey to record all the plants of this plant family along the designed line,and dotted survey was also made to observe the specificity of the subgenera or species of the plant family to their living environment. The distribution characteristics of the plants were entered into record in detail and the classified. The survey found there were 164 species. 6 subspecies and 9 varietas under 24 genera distributed in these areas under survey. The distribution characteristics of the Cyperaceae plants in different types of grasslands in Hainan were analyzed in terms of ecological environment,community structure and species composition. The analysis showed that the Cyperaceae plants are divided into five major ecological types based on their distribution: Ⅰ. Humidogene and paludous type; Ⅱ. High canopy density undergrowth type;Ⅲ.Sunny slope shrub,rocky crevice or mountainous shrub grassland type; Ⅳ. Coastal sandy grassland,salt marsh and sandy seabeaches type;Ⅴ. Xerophytic cosmopolitan type.
A field survey was made to investigate Cyperaceae plant resources in 18 counties or cities of Hainan Island,China during the years from 2010 through 2016. This survey covered tropical tussock grassland in the low mountains and hills,mountainous tropical sussock grassland,tropical shrub-tussock grassland,hot-dry savanna shub-tussock grassland,low wetland meadow grassland,coastal low-lying saline-alkaline grassland,and farmland interval grassland. Sample-line method was used for the survey to record all the plants of this plant family along the designed line,and dotted survey was also made to observe the specificity of the subgenera or species of the plant family to their living environment. The distribution characteristics of the plants were entered into record in detail and the classified. The survey found there were 164 species. 6 subspecies and 9 varietas under 24 genera distributed in these areas under survey. The distribution characteristics of the Cyperaceae plants in different types of grasslands in Hainan were analyzed in terms of ecological environment,community structure and species composition. The analysis showed that the Cyperaceae plants are divided into five major ecological types based on their distribution: Ⅰ. Humidogene and paludous type; Ⅱ. High canopy density undergrowth type;Ⅲ.Sunny slope shrub,rocky crevice or mountainous shrub grassland type; Ⅳ. Coastal sandy grassland,salt marsh and sandy seabeaches type;Ⅴ. Xerophytic cosmopolitan type.
2017, 8(1): 86-91.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.014
Abstract:
Oxystophyllum changjiangense is a rare and endangered epiphytic orchid in Hainan Island. In order to explore its epiphytic characteristics,the epiphytic orchard O. changjiangense distributed in Bawangling National Nature Reserve was selected to study its preference to epiphytic hosts,distribution on the host,correlation between population size and DBH or bark texture of hosts based on an systematic investigation of its resource status,habitats and host species. The results showed that O. changjiangensewas were mainly growing on the tall arbor nearby the water resources in the montane rain forest,with 86. 6% individuals found at 800 to 1 000 m above sea level. It was attached to 18 host species,most of which belonged to families Magnoliaceae,Fagaceae,Anacardiaceae,Sterculiaceae or Anacardiaceae. The selectivity index（ SI） ranged from 0. 32 to 0. 94,of which the SI of Michelia mediocris,Reevesia longipetiolataand Castanopsis hystrixis was approximately equal to 1. The individuals of O. changjiangense were were all attached to the first or secondary branches of the host,without any significant difference in selectivity between the first and the secondary branches. The correlation between individual numbers and host DBH was significantly positive（ R = 0. 397,P ＜ 0. 05）. The O. changjiangense has a preference for bark texture.
Oxystophyllum changjiangense is a rare and endangered epiphytic orchid in Hainan Island. In order to explore its epiphytic characteristics,the epiphytic orchard O. changjiangense distributed in Bawangling National Nature Reserve was selected to study its preference to epiphytic hosts,distribution on the host,correlation between population size and DBH or bark texture of hosts based on an systematic investigation of its resource status,habitats and host species. The results showed that O. changjiangensewas were mainly growing on the tall arbor nearby the water resources in the montane rain forest,with 86. 6% individuals found at 800 to 1 000 m above sea level. It was attached to 18 host species,most of which belonged to families Magnoliaceae,Fagaceae,Anacardiaceae,Sterculiaceae or Anacardiaceae. The selectivity index（ SI） ranged from 0. 32 to 0. 94,of which the SI of Michelia mediocris,Reevesia longipetiolataand Castanopsis hystrixis was approximately equal to 1. The individuals of O. changjiangense were were all attached to the first or secondary branches of the host,without any significant difference in selectivity between the first and the secondary branches. The correlation between individual numbers and host DBH was significantly positive（ R = 0. 397,P ＜ 0. 05）. The O. changjiangense has a preference for bark texture.
2017, 8(1): 92-99.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.015
Abstract:
China has now gradually turned the Family-related Old Age Provision into the Combined Family-related and Social Provision for the Elderly. The living environment of the elderly in nursing homes has become the hotspot of social concern. An investigation was made by visiting nursing homes for the elderly in Haikou,Hainan,China,to observe the landscapes therein,and some problems in the landscape of the nursing homes were pointed out in terms of landscape construction and functional utilization based on the references of landscape of nursing homes built in other places of China and other countries. Moreover,some suggestions for landscape construction of the nursing homes were put forward,including the activity area,plant configuration,sensory experience and infrastructure in the nursing homes,according to the special requirements of the elderly for the landscape in the nursing homes. These suggestions would provide an available reference for the future design of nursing homes in Haikou.
China has now gradually turned the Family-related Old Age Provision into the Combined Family-related and Social Provision for the Elderly. The living environment of the elderly in nursing homes has become the hotspot of social concern. An investigation was made by visiting nursing homes for the elderly in Haikou,Hainan,China,to observe the landscapes therein,and some problems in the landscape of the nursing homes were pointed out in terms of landscape construction and functional utilization based on the references of landscape of nursing homes built in other places of China and other countries. Moreover,some suggestions for landscape construction of the nursing homes were put forward,including the activity area,plant configuration,sensory experience and infrastructure in the nursing homes,according to the special requirements of the elderly for the landscape in the nursing homes. These suggestions would provide an available reference for the future design of nursing homes in Haikou.
2017, 8(1): 100-106.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.016
Abstract:
Field investigation and literature review were conducted to expound and analyze the history and characteristics of the edible landscape in the residential areas of Haikou. The development trend of and the existing problems arising from the edible landscape in the residential areas were summarized. The advantages in climate,people’s needs and urban spatial space,and the disadvantages in adverse climate,plant limitation and management during the construction of the edible plant landscape were analyzed,based on which some suggestions on construction of edible plant landscapes in the residential area of Haikou were put forward in the aspects of overall planning,technical means and landscape configuration.
Field investigation and literature review were conducted to expound and analyze the history and characteristics of the edible landscape in the residential areas of Haikou. The development trend of and the existing problems arising from the edible landscape in the residential areas were summarized. The advantages in climate,people’s needs and urban spatial space,and the disadvantages in adverse climate,plant limitation and management during the construction of the edible plant landscape were analyzed,based on which some suggestions on construction of edible plant landscapes in the residential area of Haikou were put forward in the aspects of overall planning,technical means and landscape configuration.
2017, 8(1): 107-112.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.017
Abstract:
The secondary structure and surface properties of Blo t 5 allergen from Blomia tropicalis,such as physical and chemical characters,hydrophilicity,surface probability,flexible regions and antigenicity,were analyzed by using the DNAStar Protean software to predict B-cell and T-cell epitopes of Blo t. 5. The secondary structure of Blo t 5 was rich in alpha helix,and the Blo t 5 contained six potential B cell epitopes located at 18-31,39-48,56-77,86-101,105-112,117-133 amino acid residues or nearby. There were seven potential T cell epitopes located at 32-37,40-44,57-65,70-79,86-95,100-104,115-120 amino acid residues or nearby. The epitopes of the major allergen Blo t 5 from B. tropicalis were predicted by using the Protean software.The results can provide a base for the studies of structure and function of the allergen Blo t 5,and development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for Blomia tropicalis and diagnostic kits for detection of allergens induced by B. tropicalis.
The secondary structure and surface properties of Blo t 5 allergen from Blomia tropicalis,such as physical and chemical characters,hydrophilicity,surface probability,flexible regions and antigenicity,were analyzed by using the DNAStar Protean software to predict B-cell and T-cell epitopes of Blo t. 5. The secondary structure of Blo t 5 was rich in alpha helix,and the Blo t 5 contained six potential B cell epitopes located at 18-31,39-48,56-77,86-101,105-112,117-133 amino acid residues or nearby. There were seven potential T cell epitopes located at 32-37,40-44,57-65,70-79,86-95,100-104,115-120 amino acid residues or nearby. The epitopes of the major allergen Blo t 5 from B. tropicalis were predicted by using the Protean software.The results can provide a base for the studies of structure and function of the allergen Blo t 5,and development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for Blomia tropicalis and diagnostic kits for detection of allergens induced by B. tropicalis.
2017, 8(1): 113-126.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.018
Abstract:
Flowers of plants of 14 Ardisia taxa were micro dissected to observe their 9 morphological characters.The observations indicated that petal base glandular papillose,ovary indumentum and ovule series can be used for Ardisia subordinate classification. Petal punctuate,sepal punctuate,anther punctuate,placenta shape and ovule quantity can be used for interspecific classification. The arrangement of ovule series was relatively stable,but the number of ovules often changed in the same taxa. Some characters of floral structure were supplemented and refined,especially for A. ordinata. The relationship between A. elegans and A. crenata,A. hanceana was clarified. Evolution trend of some floral characters was speculated. The floral characters of Ardisia are highly interspecifically different and can hence be used for the classification of interspecies and genus subordinate.
Flowers of plants of 14 Ardisia taxa were micro dissected to observe their 9 morphological characters.The observations indicated that petal base glandular papillose,ovary indumentum and ovule series can be used for Ardisia subordinate classification. Petal punctuate,sepal punctuate,anther punctuate,placenta shape and ovule quantity can be used for interspecific classification. The arrangement of ovule series was relatively stable,but the number of ovules often changed in the same taxa. Some characters of floral structure were supplemented and refined,especially for A. ordinata. The relationship between A. elegans and A. crenata,A. hanceana was clarified. Evolution trend of some floral characters was speculated. The floral characters of Ardisia are highly interspecifically different and can hence be used for the classification of interspecies and genus subordinate.
2017, 8(1): 127-132.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2017.01.019
Abstract:
Boletes are a large family of mushrooms with tubes on the underside of the cap,instead of gills. They are not only delicious food,but also have a variety of medicinal effects. The chemical composition of the boletes was mainly terpenes,steroids,phenols and alkaloids,which possessed comprehensive biological activities,such as antioxidant,anti-tumor and antibacterial. The chemical composition and biological activities of the boletes were reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for development of high-value products and innovative use of boletes resources.
Boletes are a large family of mushrooms with tubes on the underside of the cap,instead of gills. They are not only delicious food,but also have a variety of medicinal effects. The chemical composition of the boletes was mainly terpenes,steroids,phenols and alkaloids,which possessed comprehensive biological activities,such as antioxidant,anti-tumor and antibacterial. The chemical composition and biological activities of the boletes were reviewed to provide a theoretical basis for development of high-value products and innovative use of boletes resources.
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