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真菌病毒(Fungal virus或Mycovirus)是一种以真菌为寄主,能在真菌体内进行复制和繁殖的病毒。1962年,Hollings[1]在栽培的双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)中通过电子显微镜首次发现了3种真菌病毒。20世纪50年代,Grente等[2]在栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)中发现,可以通过菌丝融合的方式将弱毒菌株中的低毒力转染给强毒力菌株,造成病原真菌的弱毒现象,于1995年将这种导致其寄主真菌致病力降低的一类无衣壳蛋白的真菌病毒定义为弱毒真菌病毒。近些年来,随着越来越多的弱毒病毒被发现,对其侵染过程以及与寄主真菌互作机制的研究也受到更广泛的关注。研究表明,部分弱毒真菌病毒侵染可造成寄主真菌生长异常以及致病力下降等现象,病毒的侵染可以改变寄主真菌的转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组和表观基因组等方面的表达水平[3]。目前,研究真菌病毒与寄主真菌互作的经典技术包括核酸与核酸互作、核酸与蛋白互作、蛋白与蛋白互作这3种技术类型。而随着后基因组时代的深入,测序、质谱、生物信息联合分析等技术的进一步发展,使得高通量筛选生物标记物、寻找生物关联分子、探索生物之间的影响机制变成可能,同时对生物间互作技术的应用也提出了更高的要求。近年来,寄主真菌遗传操作系统和反向遗传学系统的构建,为弱毒真菌病毒与寄主真菌互作系统的建立提供了科学依据,涵盖了多种植物致病真菌与其真菌病毒的互作系统[4]。在真菌病毒与寄主真菌互作系统当中,RNA沉默(RNA silencing,RNAi)作为一种寄主真菌抵御病毒入侵的防御机制,受到研究人员的广泛关注。目前,在栗疫病菌、核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)和禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)等多种植物致病真菌中先后发现,真菌病毒的成功侵入与该机制被破坏存在关联[5-7]。在RNA沉默病毒防御机制中,Dicer蛋白能够对一种具有发卡结构的双链RNA(precursor microRNA)进行识别并将其加工成为miRNA(microRNA),Argonaute蛋白对miRNA进行解旋并释放其中一条单链后形成RNA诱导沉默复合体(RNA-induced silencing complex,RISC),最终通过RNA诱导沉默复合体上的导链与目的基因上的碱基序列进行互补配对,以实现对病毒基因沉默,达到抵御病毒侵入的目的(图1)[8]。越来越多的研究表明,寄主真菌的弱毒现象与其RNA沉默防御机制受到抑制有关[9]。深入探索真菌病毒与寄主真菌的互作机制,了解运用组学技术探究弱毒真菌病毒造成其寄主真菌弱致病力原理的研究进展,可为植物病原真菌的生物防治提供理论依据。
本综述旨在阐明利用多组学技术揭示真菌病毒与寄主真菌互作的原理,综述多组学技术研究方法及利用多组学技术探究弱毒病毒与寄主真菌互作的研究进展,为真菌病毒的利用及病毒与寄主互作的深入研究提供参考。
Advances in the interaction between mycoviruses and host fungi based on multi-omics
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摘要: 阐述了多组学包括代谢组学、转录组学和蛋白组学技术的原理、方法和步骤,并结合其在弱毒真菌病毒中研究的案例,全面分析了代谢组学、转录组学和蛋白组学技术在真菌病毒与寄主真菌互作中的研究现状、未来的研究方向以及具备的高灵敏度、高通量优势,有助于深度探究真菌病毒对寄主真菌的影响及其分子机制,并为判断真菌病毒能否作为植物真菌病害生物防治因子提供方法和思路。Abstract: The principles, methods and steps of multi-omics, including metabonomics, transcriptomics and proteomics technologies, were described, and the current status, future research directions and the advantages of high sensitivity and high throughput of metabonomics, transcriptomics and proteomics technologies in the interaction between mycoviruses and host fungi were comprehensively analyzed in combination with their research cases in hypovirulent mycoviruses. This review is helpful for deep exploration of the effects of mycoviruses on host fungi and their molecular mechanisms, and provides methods and ideas to determine whether mycoviruses can be used as biological factors for control of plant fungal diseases.
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Key words:
- mycovirus /
- multi-omics /
- interaction /
- biological control
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