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自噬(autophagy)是真核生物中一个高度保守的过程,能够形成具有双层膜结构的自噬小体,将一些受损或老化的蛋白质或细胞器包裹起来,运送到溶酶体(动物)或者液泡(植物和真菌)之中进行物质降解和循环,维持或恢复真核生物体内的动态平衡。从1997年YOSHINORI鉴定出第一个自噬基因Atg1以来[1],在酵母菌和其他一些真菌中共鉴定出了42个自噬基因[2]。根据将底物运送到降解细胞器方式的不同,自噬被分为巨自噬(Macroautophagy)、微自噬(Microautophagy)和伴侣介导的自噬(Pexophagy)[3]。巨自噬是一个非选择性过程,是自噬的主要途径,本文中的自噬主要指的是巨自噬。自噬将细胞内无用或者破损的细胞器及一些其他底物降解至氨基酸和核苷酸等一些基础营养物质,并供给机体再次使用,以此维持有机体细胞内的稳态[4],这对有机体的生存及生长发育是必须的。最近几十年来,通过对植物病原真菌自噬的研究,发现自噬对真菌的致病性具有重要作用,了解植物病原真菌自噬的过程与致病分子机制,将有助于农业生产中对病原真菌引起的植物病害进行有效防控[5]。笔者介绍了真菌细胞自噬的分子及调控机制以及自噬基因在丝状真菌中的功能的研究进展,为相关研究提供参考。
Research Progress on Fungal Autophagy
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摘要: 为了维持细胞内部物质与能量的动态平衡,真菌在进化过程中形成了一些复杂的机制来调控胞内物质的代谢和循环,其中的一条重要途径就是自噬。自噬在真核生物体内是高度保守的,其通过形成具有双层膜结构的自噬体囊泡,将细胞内受损的细胞器或蛋白质包裹起来,随后运输到液泡中进行降解。在过去20多年里,人们对真菌细胞自噬进行了深入的研究,通过对自噬相关蛋白的分析,逐渐揭示了自噬过程中的一些分子及调控机制。在对丝状真菌自噬基因功能分析的过程中,发现自噬在丝状真菌营养生长、产孢、孢子萌发、侵染结构形成以及致病力等方面都起着非常重要的作用。本综述介绍了真菌细胞自噬的分子及调控机制以及自噬基因在丝状真菌中的功能的研究进展。Abstract: In order to maintain the dynamic balance of substances and energy in cells fungi have formed some complex mechanisms during the evolution process to regulate the metabolism and circulation of intracellular materials, and one of the important pathways is autophagy. Autophagy is a highly conserved process in eukaryotes, and it encapsulates the damaged organelles or proteins in the cell by forming autophagosome vesicles with a double membrane structure and then transports them to vacuoles for degradation. In the past two decades fungal autophagy has been well documented. The analysis of autophagy-related proteins has gradually revealed some molecular and regulatory mechanisms in the process of autophagy. The functional analysis of autophagy genes in filamentous fungi has showed that autophagy plays a very important role in vegetative growth, sporulation, spore germination, formation of infective structure and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. A review is made of the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in fungi as well as the research progress of autophagy genes in filamentous fungi.
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Key words:
- autophagy /
- molecular mechanism /
- filamentous fungi /
- pathogenicity
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