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真菌病害是植物病害中数量最大的一类,占植物病害总数的70%~80%。许多危害重、分布广的作物病害,如锈病、黑粉病、霜霉病、白粉病等都是由真菌引起的。与形态观察、次生代谢产物分析等常规检测技术不同,病原真菌的早期检测技术检测周期短、灵敏度高,能帮助快速检测到侵染初期或潜伏期的病原菌,并获悉其生长状态和发病阶段,以备人们有充分的时间采取科学合理的防治措施,最大限度地减少经济损失。因此,植物病原菌早期检测技术是防治病害大面积暴发的有效手段。从传统的组成物质观察和气相色谱检测到免疫学方法的建立,再到分子检测手段的不断成熟,病原菌早期检测技术越来越简便和精准,为建立植物病害的早期诊断方法和预测预报模型奠定了良好基础。
橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)是天然橡胶的主要来源,天然橡胶是一种重要的战略资源,约占全球橡胶消费总量的40%,世界每年对天然橡胶的需求不断增长[1-2]。炭疽菌(Colletotrichum)侵染橡胶树引起的炭疽病(Colletotrichum leaf disease,CLD)是亚洲天然橡胶产量下降的主要原因[3-4],该病害可导致橡胶树叶片变形和坏死,进而发生次生性落叶,严重影响胶乳产量[5]。由于炭疽菌具有潜伏侵染能力,橡胶树炭疽病的预测预报一直存在较大的技术难点。橡胶树炭疽菌典型的作用方式为半活体营养型侵染,在侵染初期通过与宿主细胞共生逃避抗性机制,同时满足自身营养和能源需求,随后进行坏死型营养生长,迅速扩散并杀死宿主细胞[6-7]。炭疽菌具有潜伏期的存在和作用方式转换的特点,因此不易被发现;在气候条件适宜的情况下,极短的时间内即可暴发成灾;预测难度大,给炭疽病防治造成困难。因此,建立潜伏侵染状态下的炭疽菌检测技术成为了橡胶树炭疽病早期诊断和流行预测的关键所在。笔者综述了常用的植物病原真菌早期检测技术,包括基于菌体结构组成的检测技术和基于核酸序列PCR扩增的检测技术,比较了各种早期检测技术的优缺点,论述了实时荧光定量PCR早期检测技术建立的关键步骤及在橡胶树炭疽病预测预报模型中的应用潜力,为橡胶树炭疽菌早期检测技术和预测预报模型的建立奠定基础。
Research progress on early detection technologies for plant fungi and their application in forecasting of rubber tree anthracnose
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摘要: 真菌是一类重要的植物病原菌,真菌引起的病害占全部植物病害的三分之二,建立快速、准确的植物真菌病害早期检测技术是解决植物病原真菌预测预报难题、防止病害大面积暴发和流行的关键。笔者综述了常用植物病原真菌早期检测技术的检测原理、应用现状和存在问题,炭疽菌荧光定量PCR早期检测技术的建立及其在橡胶树炭疽病预测预报模型构建中的应用前景,为橡胶树炭疽病早期检测及预测预报提供技术支持。Abstract: Fungi are one class of important plant pathogens, which accounts for two thirds of all plant diseases. The rapid and accurate early detection technologies for plant fungal diseases are the key to disease prediction and prevention of disease prevalence. The detection principle, application status and existing problems of common early detection technologies for fungal diseases were reviewed. The detection system of fluorescence quantitative PCR and its application prospect in the prediction model for rubber tree anthracnose were summarized, which provides reference for the early detection and prediction of rubber tree anthracnose.
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Key words:
- plant fungi disease /
- early detection technology /
- QPCR /
- rubber tree anthracnose /
- prediction
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