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后水湾网箱鱼类养殖区位于海南岛西北部,儋州市和临高县境内,以深水网箱养殖为主,主要养殖品种为卵形鲳鲹,年养殖产量达到5×104 t,为我国最大的深水网箱养殖基地[1]。然而,由于长期开展网箱养殖以及养殖规模不断扩大,养殖区的环境污染问题越来越突出。浮游细菌作为水体中各种有机物质的分解者和转化者,又是物质和能量的贮存者,在水体物质循环和能量流动中具有重要的作用[2-4]。同时,有些细菌,如弧菌、链球菌还是近海养殖的条件致病菌[1]。每当台风过后,养殖环境条件恶化时,这些有害细菌大量增殖,导致海水养殖鱼类发病[5]。已有研究结果[6]表明,养殖区微生物分布与鱼类疾病发生紧密相关。浙江舟山网箱养殖区网箱内细菌数量高于网箱外细菌数量,且细菌丰度的高峰期也是鱼类发病最严重的时期[7]。大亚湾网箱养殖水体中网箱内的细菌数量高于网箱外和对照区,且弧菌出现的高峰期与弧菌病害的流行期一致[8]。象山港网箱养殖区浮游细菌数量和弧菌数量均高于对照区,而多样性均低于对照区,且某些特定细菌富集较为严重[9-10]。因此,监测网箱养殖区域微生物群落结构和多样性的动态变化,探究浮游细菌群落,特别是潜在病原菌的分布规律,有助于在养殖生产过程中及早采取措施预防网箱养殖鱼类病害的爆发,推动深水网箱养殖产业健康可持续发展。本研究利用高通量测序技术分析临高后水湾深水网箱养殖区浮游细菌群落结构的动态变化,并探讨浮游细菌群落变化与鱼类细菌性病害的关系,研究结果将有助于揭示深水网箱养殖区不同养殖期浮游菌群变化规律,了解潜在病原菌对网箱养殖鱼类的危害,为深水网箱养殖的健康发展及养殖鱼类疾病的有效防控提供理论依据。
Structure of bacterioplankton community and its relationship with bacterial diseases of fish maricultured in cage
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摘要: 为了揭示深水网箱养殖区养殖过程中浮游细菌群落结构及其与网箱养殖鱼类细菌性病害的关系,采用Illumina测序技术对海南后水湾深水网箱养殖水样进行16S rRNA基因高通量测序。结果表明,检测到浮游细菌种群归属于36个门、56个纲、98个目、235个科、807个属,香农-威纳指数范围为2.47~4.5,说明该养殖区水体中浮游细菌具有丰富的多样性。变形菌门是主要优势门类,其次为拟杆菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门和蓝细菌门;主要类群为Cobetia属、弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)等,不同养殖期优势类群差异较大,其中休养期以Cobetia属、玫瑰变色菌属和嗜冷杆菌属为主;养殖初期以Cobetia属、假交替单胞菌属、Kushneria属和弧菌属为主;养殖中期优势类群为Cobetia属、盐单胞菌属、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、弧菌属和假交替单胞菌属;养殖后期优势类群为GpIIa属和Cobetia属。潜在致病菌弧菌属相对丰度在不同养殖期差异较大,在养殖初期、中期含量较高,而在非养殖期和养殖后期含量较低,与网箱养殖卵形鲳鲹细菌性病害发病规律相吻合,表明由于弧菌引起的鱼类病害为养殖区的主要细菌性病害类型。
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关键词:
- 网箱养殖 /
- 16S rRNA基因高通量测序 /
- 浮游细菌群落结构 /
- 水质因子 /
- 细菌性病害
Abstract: To explore the structure of bacterioplankton community and its relationship with bacterial diseases of marine fish aquacultured in cage, bacterial communities from sea water sampled in a deep-water cage mariculture area at Houshuiwan Bay, Lingao, Hainan were analyzed through Illumina Miseq sequencing based on 16S RNA gene. The results showed that bacterioplankton species detected in the sea water samples belonged to 36 phyla, 56 classes, 98 orders, 235 families and 807 genera, with their Shannon-Wiener index ranging from 2.47 to 4.5, which indicated a high diversity of bacterioplankton in the deep-sea cage mariculture area at Houshuiwan Bay. Proteobacteria were the main dominant phylum at all the sampling sites, followed by phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria. Dominant genera were Cobetia, Roseovarius and Psychrobacter in the non-mariculture period (March), Cobetia, Pseudoalteromonas, Kushneria and Vibrio in the early period of mariculture (May), Cobetia, Halomonas, Alteromonas, Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas in the mid-period of mariculture (July and September), GpIIa and Cobetia in the late period of mariculture. Vibrio, potential pathogens, varied greatly during the mariculture and its abundance was found higher in the early period and mid-period of mariculture, and the lower in the non- and late mariculture periods, which was consistent with the incidence of bacterial diseases of fish in the deep-water cage mariculture area, indicating that vibriosis was the main bacterial disease of fish in the mariculture area. -
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