2018 Vol. 9, No. 4
2018, 9(4): 363-369.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.001
Abstract
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Abstract:
In order to achieve the goal of improving the survival rate to around 85% and the fish yield per cubic meter of water to 20 kg·m-3by increasing aquaculture density on the basis of traditional aquaculture model,two new aquaculture models for Trachinotus ovatus in deep sea cages were tried. The results showed that the survival rate and the yield per cubic meter of water were significantly affected by different experimental groups in the model of "One release of fingerlings and two batches of catches"（ P ＜ 0. 05）. The experimental group 1 had the highest survival rate（ 85. 82 ± 0. 95） %,while the experimental group 4 was lowest in survival rate（ 83. 4 ± 0. 21） %.The experimental group 4 had the highest yield per cubic meter of water [21. 29 ± 0. 31( kg·m-3) ]while the experimental group 2 the lowest（ 17. 95 ± 0. 49） kg·m-3. In this model,only the experimental group 3 met the experimental design objective when combined with catching,i. e. the size of marketable fish be in the range of 300-350 g in the first batch of catch. However,in the model of"One release of fingerlings and 3 batches of catches",the survival rate was not significantly different between different experimental groups（ P ＞ 0. 05）. The experimental group 2 was the highest in survival rate（ 85. 79 ± 0. 24） %,and the experimental group 4 the lowest（ 84. 0 ± 0. 36） %. There was no significant difference in the yield per cubic meter of water between the experimental groups 2 and 4（ P ＞ 0. 05）,and the same results were found among the experimental groups 1,3,5and 6. However,the experimental groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher in yield per cubic meter of water than the other experimental groups（ P ＜ 0. 05）,and their yields per cubic meter of water were（ 21. 34 ± 1. 17） and（ 21. 64 ± 1. 18） kg·m-3,respectively. Moreover,in this model,the experimental groups 2 and 4 achieved the experimental design objectives when the size of marketable fish be 300-350 g in the first batch of catch with 40%-50% of the total catches,and 400-450 g in the second batch of catch with 50%-60% of the total catches.
In order to achieve the goal of improving the survival rate to around 85% and the fish yield per cubic meter of water to 20 kg·m-3by increasing aquaculture density on the basis of traditional aquaculture model,two new aquaculture models for Trachinotus ovatus in deep sea cages were tried. The results showed that the survival rate and the yield per cubic meter of water were significantly affected by different experimental groups in the model of "One release of fingerlings and two batches of catches"（ P ＜ 0. 05）. The experimental group 1 had the highest survival rate（ 85. 82 ± 0. 95） %,while the experimental group 4 was lowest in survival rate（ 83. 4 ± 0. 21） %.The experimental group 4 had the highest yield per cubic meter of water [21. 29 ± 0. 31( kg·m-3) ]while the experimental group 2 the lowest（ 17. 95 ± 0. 49） kg·m-3. In this model,only the experimental group 3 met the experimental design objective when combined with catching,i. e. the size of marketable fish be in the range of 300-350 g in the first batch of catch. However,in the model of"One release of fingerlings and 3 batches of catches",the survival rate was not significantly different between different experimental groups（ P ＞ 0. 05）. The experimental group 2 was the highest in survival rate（ 85. 79 ± 0. 24） %,and the experimental group 4 the lowest（ 84. 0 ± 0. 36） %. There was no significant difference in the yield per cubic meter of water between the experimental groups 2 and 4（ P ＞ 0. 05）,and the same results were found among the experimental groups 1,3,5and 6. However,the experimental groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher in yield per cubic meter of water than the other experimental groups（ P ＜ 0. 05）,and their yields per cubic meter of water were（ 21. 34 ± 1. 17） and（ 21. 64 ± 1. 18） kg·m-3,respectively. Moreover,in this model,the experimental groups 2 and 4 achieved the experimental design objectives when the size of marketable fish be 300-350 g in the first batch of catch with 40%-50% of the total catches,and 400-450 g in the second batch of catch with 50%-60% of the total catches.
2018, 9(4): 370-376.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.002
Abstract:
Immunoglobulin M（ IgM） was isolated from the serum of Trachinotus ovatusby using ammonium sulfate fractionation and then purified by using Protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography. Furthermore,the purified IgM product was used to prepare a polyclonal antibody. In addition,the titer and specificity of the polyclonal antibody were analyzed by the ELISA and the Western blot,respectively. The results showed that the ammonium sulfate fractionation precipitated most proteins from the sera of T. ovatus,but the IgM proteins with heavy and light chains were crude with some heteroproteins. Furthermore,the IgM product purified by the Protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography possessed two obvious bands（ heavy chain and light chain）. Moreover,the prepared anti-sera had a high titer of 1 ∶ 25 600 when assayed by the ELISA. The Western blot analysis showed that the IgM polyclonal antibody of T. ovatus contained the target bands,indicating the IgM polyclonal antibody was prepared successfully and could be used in correlation analysis in the coming future.
Immunoglobulin M（ IgM） was isolated from the serum of Trachinotus ovatusby using ammonium sulfate fractionation and then purified by using Protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography. Furthermore,the purified IgM product was used to prepare a polyclonal antibody. In addition,the titer and specificity of the polyclonal antibody were analyzed by the ELISA and the Western blot,respectively. The results showed that the ammonium sulfate fractionation precipitated most proteins from the sera of T. ovatus,but the IgM proteins with heavy and light chains were crude with some heteroproteins. Furthermore,the IgM product purified by the Protein A-sepharose affinity chromatography possessed two obvious bands（ heavy chain and light chain）. Moreover,the prepared anti-sera had a high titer of 1 ∶ 25 600 when assayed by the ELISA. The Western blot analysis showed that the IgM polyclonal antibody of T. ovatus contained the target bands,indicating the IgM polyclonal antibody was prepared successfully and could be used in correlation analysis in the coming future.
The Application of QuEChERS Method in Multi-residue Detection of Veterinary Drugs in Marine Products
2018, 9(4): 377-387.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.003
Abstract:
The optimized QuEChERS sample preparation method and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method were used to establish a rapid,efficient,high-sensitivity detection method for early screening of multi-residues of veterinary drugs and banned compounds of 21 drugs in four groups,such as the sulfanilamides,quinolones,tetracyclinesand Leucomalachite greenin oysters,scallops,squid,and cuttlefish.The 21 compounds had a good linear relationship in the corresponding range,the correlation coefficient r was greater than 0. 9995,the recovery was in the range of 65. 26% to 113. 5%,the relative standard deviation was less than 6. 78%,and the method had good repeatability. The detection precision within and between days was less than 6. 26% and 6. 02%,respectively. The limit of detection was less than 0. 8 μg·kg-1,and the limit of quantitation was less than 2. 5 μg·kg-1. This method was applied to detect the residues of 21 compounds in four soft shellfish marine products including 150 accessions of oysters,scallops,squid and cuttlefish in 8 regions of Guangdong Province,such as Shenzhen,Dongguan,Zhaoqing,Shantou,Maoming,Jiangmen,Shanwei and Huizhou in Guangdong Province,and no residuces was detected therein. In summary,this detection method is good in reproducibility,high in sensitivity,and reliable in detection results,and provides referencce for detection of the residuces of the 21 compounds such as sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines,and malachite green in the 4 groups in oysters,scallops,squid,and cuttlefish.
The optimized QuEChERS sample preparation method and high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method were used to establish a rapid,efficient,high-sensitivity detection method for early screening of multi-residues of veterinary drugs and banned compounds of 21 drugs in four groups,such as the sulfanilamides,quinolones,tetracyclinesand Leucomalachite greenin oysters,scallops,squid,and cuttlefish.The 21 compounds had a good linear relationship in the corresponding range,the correlation coefficient r was greater than 0. 9995,the recovery was in the range of 65. 26% to 113. 5%,the relative standard deviation was less than 6. 78%,and the method had good repeatability. The detection precision within and between days was less than 6. 26% and 6. 02%,respectively. The limit of detection was less than 0. 8 μg·kg-1,and the limit of quantitation was less than 2. 5 μg·kg-1. This method was applied to detect the residues of 21 compounds in four soft shellfish marine products including 150 accessions of oysters,scallops,squid and cuttlefish in 8 regions of Guangdong Province,such as Shenzhen,Dongguan,Zhaoqing,Shantou,Maoming,Jiangmen,Shanwei and Huizhou in Guangdong Province,and no residuces was detected therein. In summary,this detection method is good in reproducibility,high in sensitivity,and reliable in detection results,and provides referencce for detection of the residuces of the 21 compounds such as sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines,and malachite green in the 4 groups in oysters,scallops,squid,and cuttlefish.
2018, 9(4): 388-392.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.004
Abstract:
Common carp（ Cyprinus carpio） was cultured and exposed to different concentrations of Cu2+,and the DNA damage of the peripheral blood cells of C. carpio was analyzed by using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. The results showed that the rates of comet（ 17. 7%,44. 4%,60. 0%,88. 9%） and micronucleus（ 0. 4‰,8. 4‰,9. 8‰,12. 2 ‰） of the peripheral blood cells of C. carpio in the control,G1,G2 and G3 were positively correlated with the concentration of Cu2+after C. carpio were exposed to Cu2+for 48 hrs. Under the stress of Cu2+for 48 h the tail DNA content（ 2. 91%,5. 74%,8. 43%,11. 28%）,tail length（ 47,74,108,112 μm） and Olive tail moment（ 4. 51,9. 39,17. 68,18. 62） in the control,G1,G2 and G3 all tended to increase with the rise of Cu2+concentration and they were significantly higher in the groups G2 and G3 than in the control group（ P ＜ 0. 05）. The results of either the micronucleus test or the comet assay corroborated the genetic damage by Cu2+to the peripheral blood cells of C. carpio from different aspects. In particular,the micronucleus test was high in sensitivity,low in cost,and simple in steps and will have a high potential of application and extension in the test of ecogenotoxicity.
Common carp（ Cyprinus carpio） was cultured and exposed to different concentrations of Cu2+,and the DNA damage of the peripheral blood cells of C. carpio was analyzed by using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. The results showed that the rates of comet（ 17. 7%,44. 4%,60. 0%,88. 9%） and micronucleus（ 0. 4‰,8. 4‰,9. 8‰,12. 2 ‰） of the peripheral blood cells of C. carpio in the control,G1,G2 and G3 were positively correlated with the concentration of Cu2+after C. carpio were exposed to Cu2+for 48 hrs. Under the stress of Cu2+for 48 h the tail DNA content（ 2. 91%,5. 74%,8. 43%,11. 28%）,tail length（ 47,74,108,112 μm） and Olive tail moment（ 4. 51,9. 39,17. 68,18. 62） in the control,G1,G2 and G3 all tended to increase with the rise of Cu2+concentration and they were significantly higher in the groups G2 and G3 than in the control group（ P ＜ 0. 05）. The results of either the micronucleus test or the comet assay corroborated the genetic damage by Cu2+to the peripheral blood cells of C. carpio from different aspects. In particular,the micronucleus test was high in sensitivity,low in cost,and simple in steps and will have a high potential of application and extension in the test of ecogenotoxicity.
2018, 9(4): 393-400.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.005
Abstract:
A gene of response regulator,OnRR9 gene（ GenBank accession number: MH758789）,was cloned from the petals of Oncidium Gower Ramsey flowers with RACE technology. The OnRR9 gene is 627 bp in length and encodes a protein of 208 amino acids in size. The secondary structure analysis of the protein showed that OnRR9 protein is a hydrophilic secreted protein localized in the nucleus. The homologous sequence alignment revealed that the OnRR9 gene belongs to the YesN/AraC family and contains a conserved REC domain in the amino acid sequence,which may be involved in the two-component signal transduction pathway. The construction of the phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the OnRR9 protein is closely related to the type A ARRs in Arabidopsis thaliana,suggesting that the OnRR9 may be involved in the response of cytokinin signaling. Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis indicated that the OnRR9 gene had the maximum expression in the full blossom flower but was low expressed before and after full blossom,suggesting that this gene might play a role in the iniitation of petal senescence of Oncidium Gower Ramsey flowers.
A gene of response regulator,OnRR9 gene（ GenBank accession number: MH758789）,was cloned from the petals of Oncidium Gower Ramsey flowers with RACE technology. The OnRR9 gene is 627 bp in length and encodes a protein of 208 amino acids in size. The secondary structure analysis of the protein showed that OnRR9 protein is a hydrophilic secreted protein localized in the nucleus. The homologous sequence alignment revealed that the OnRR9 gene belongs to the YesN/AraC family and contains a conserved REC domain in the amino acid sequence,which may be involved in the two-component signal transduction pathway. The construction of the phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the OnRR9 protein is closely related to the type A ARRs in Arabidopsis thaliana,suggesting that the OnRR9 may be involved in the response of cytokinin signaling. Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis indicated that the OnRR9 gene had the maximum expression in the full blossom flower but was low expressed before and after full blossom,suggesting that this gene might play a role in the iniitation of petal senescence of Oncidium Gower Ramsey flowers.
2018, 9(4): 401-408.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.006
Abstract:
D14 is a key gene for strigolactone signaling. To study the function of the tobacco D14 gene（NtD14）,we cloned theNtD14 gene by homologous cloning. A p CAMBIA1302-Nt D14 plant overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disk transformation. The transgenic tobacco plant with overexpressingNtD14 gene had a lower plant height than the wild type,and their leaves became shorter and smaller,but there was no significant difference in leaf aspect ratio.The number of branches of the transgenic lines decreased. ELISA analysis showed that the auxin content of all the overexpressedNtD14 transgenic lines was lower than that of the wild type,indicating that the plant height and leaf size of theNtD14 gene transformed tobacco plants may be related to the decrease of auxin content in the transgenic plants. In addition,the malondialdehyde（ MDA） content and the catalase（ CAT） activity were significantly higher in the transgenic lines than in the wild type. The peroxidase（ POD） activity of the transgenic lines was significantly lower than that of the wild type,and the contents of CAT and POD were inversely proportional,but there was no significant difference in the content of superoxide dismutase（ SOD）,indicating that overexpression of NtD14 gene affected Redox reaction in the transgenic tobacco plants.
D14 is a key gene for strigolactone signaling. To study the function of the tobacco D14 gene（NtD14）,we cloned theNtD14 gene by homologous cloning. A p CAMBIA1302-Nt D14 plant overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disk transformation. The transgenic tobacco plant with overexpressingNtD14 gene had a lower plant height than the wild type,and their leaves became shorter and smaller,but there was no significant difference in leaf aspect ratio.The number of branches of the transgenic lines decreased. ELISA analysis showed that the auxin content of all the overexpressedNtD14 transgenic lines was lower than that of the wild type,indicating that the plant height and leaf size of theNtD14 gene transformed tobacco plants may be related to the decrease of auxin content in the transgenic plants. In addition,the malondialdehyde（ MDA） content and the catalase（ CAT） activity were significantly higher in the transgenic lines than in the wild type. The peroxidase（ POD） activity of the transgenic lines was significantly lower than that of the wild type,and the contents of CAT and POD were inversely proportional,but there was no significant difference in the content of superoxide dismutase（ SOD）,indicating that overexpression of NtD14 gene affected Redox reaction in the transgenic tobacco plants.
2018, 9(4): 409-417.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.007
Abstract:
The interspecific associations of dominant species in the tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer in the natural secondary forest of Schefflera octophylla in the hilly tropical region of the central part of Hainan were studied in order to clarify the inherent laws of community succession and interspecific association in the S. octophylla community toprovide a theoretical basis for the conservation,restoration and re-establishment of the S. octophylla community. The overall association of 15 tree species,19 shrub species and 15 herbaceous species in the S. octophylla community was calculated by usingcontingency tables,variance ratio test,and Jacard index. The results showed there was generally no significant positive correlation between all the layers of the S. octophylla community,although there were 10 pairs of species with significant positive correlation,and the Jacard index was highly consistent with the test. The dominant species in the S. octophylla community in the hilly area of central Hainan Island were loosely correlated,and the interspecific correlation of the dominant species was not close and was at a unstable stage of dynamic succession. The plant species were somewhat separate to each other and tended to develop steadily. In practice the plant species that are highly correlated with each other should be protected in order to shorten the succession of S. octophylla secondary natural forest in the hilly area of the central part of Hainan.
The interspecific associations of dominant species in the tree layer,shrub layer and herb layer in the natural secondary forest of Schefflera octophylla in the hilly tropical region of the central part of Hainan were studied in order to clarify the inherent laws of community succession and interspecific association in the S. octophylla community toprovide a theoretical basis for the conservation,restoration and re-establishment of the S. octophylla community. The overall association of 15 tree species,19 shrub species and 15 herbaceous species in the S. octophylla community was calculated by usingcontingency tables,variance ratio test,and Jacard index. The results showed there was generally no significant positive correlation between all the layers of the S. octophylla community,although there were 10 pairs of species with significant positive correlation,and the Jacard index was highly consistent with the test. The dominant species in the S. octophylla community in the hilly area of central Hainan Island were loosely correlated,and the interspecific correlation of the dominant species was not close and was at a unstable stage of dynamic succession. The plant species were somewhat separate to each other and tended to develop steadily. In practice the plant species that are highly correlated with each other should be protected in order to shorten the succession of S. octophylla secondary natural forest in the hilly area of the central part of Hainan.
2018, 9(4): 418-422.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.008
Abstract:
Thai pomelo（ Citrus maxima）,a pomelo cultivar,is one of the famous fruits produced in Hainan.Thai pomelo fruits produced in Chengmai,Hainan were harvested and stored for different days at the room temperature（ 25 ℃） to observe their changes in some parameters such as weight,weight loss rate,edible rate,soluble solids,etc. so as to provide reference for postharvest handling and storage of Thai pomelo at the room temperature. The results showed that the pomelo fruit stored at the room temperature decreased weight and increased weight loss rate but not significantly in the days 28-42 of storage. The edible rate of the fruit in storage was the highest at the day 28 of storage and decreased in the days 28-42 but not significantly. Soluble solids content increased significantly in the days 0-28 but not significantly in the days 28-42. Soluble total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents increased significantly with a maximum rate in the days 28-42. The reducing sugar content increased significantly in the days 0-14,and then showed a fluctuated change but not significantly. The titrable acid content increased significantly in the days 14-42; the soluble solids content/titrable acid ratio increased significantly in the days 28-42 with a rapid rate. Vitamin C content increased significantly in the days 0-28,and then increased but not significantly in the days 28-42. It is concluded that the Thai pomelo fruits are optimum in quality when stored for 28-42 days at the room temperature.
Thai pomelo（ Citrus maxima）,a pomelo cultivar,is one of the famous fruits produced in Hainan.Thai pomelo fruits produced in Chengmai,Hainan were harvested and stored for different days at the room temperature（ 25 ℃） to observe their changes in some parameters such as weight,weight loss rate,edible rate,soluble solids,etc. so as to provide reference for postharvest handling and storage of Thai pomelo at the room temperature. The results showed that the pomelo fruit stored at the room temperature decreased weight and increased weight loss rate but not significantly in the days 28-42 of storage. The edible rate of the fruit in storage was the highest at the day 28 of storage and decreased in the days 28-42 but not significantly. Soluble solids content increased significantly in the days 0-28 but not significantly in the days 28-42. Soluble total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents increased significantly with a maximum rate in the days 28-42. The reducing sugar content increased significantly in the days 0-14,and then showed a fluctuated change but not significantly. The titrable acid content increased significantly in the days 14-42; the soluble solids content/titrable acid ratio increased significantly in the days 28-42 with a rapid rate. Vitamin C content increased significantly in the days 0-28,and then increased but not significantly in the days 28-42. It is concluded that the Thai pomelo fruits are optimum in quality when stored for 28-42 days at the room temperature.
2018, 9(4): 423-426.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.009
Abstract:
Dendrobium officinale plants at 3 years old cultured in the intelligent greenhouse control system were treated by spraying with different concentrations of sodium selenite( 0,5. 0,7. 5,10. 0,15. 0,30. 0 mg·L-1)at a 10 days interval to observe their enrichment of selenium,and their growth and polysaccharides contents. The results showed that the treatments with sodium selenite increased highly significantly the selenium content and polysacharides content of D. officinale. The selenium content of the fresh stems of D. officinale were all increased with the concentration of the sodium selenite,and highly significant difference was observed between all the treatments. When treated with sodium selenite at a low range of between 5. 0 mg·L-1and 7. 5 mg·L-1,the D. officinale plants all grew well and their polysaccharides content in fresh stem increased with the concentration of sodium selenite. The polysaccharides content of the fresh stems of D. officinale plants treated at a range of 7. 5 mg·L-1was the highest（ a 49. 665 g·kg-1. FW）,but older leaves of the plants began to turn yellow.When the sodium selenite concentration was greater than 7. 5 mg·L-1,the polysaccharides contents of the fresh stems decreased,aggravating the yellow symptoms of the older leaves. When treated at a concentration of 30. 0mg·L-1a large number of older leaves tended to wither,turn yellow and drop; younger leaves turned chlorotic,and the plants senesced. Therefore,the concentrations of sodium selenite at 5. 0-7. 5 mg·L-1were adequate for the growth of D. officinale plants that were sprayed with sodium selenite at this growth stage.
Dendrobium officinale plants at 3 years old cultured in the intelligent greenhouse control system were treated by spraying with different concentrations of sodium selenite( 0,5. 0,7. 5,10. 0,15. 0,30. 0 mg·L-1)at a 10 days interval to observe their enrichment of selenium,and their growth and polysaccharides contents. The results showed that the treatments with sodium selenite increased highly significantly the selenium content and polysacharides content of D. officinale. The selenium content of the fresh stems of D. officinale were all increased with the concentration of the sodium selenite,and highly significant difference was observed between all the treatments. When treated with sodium selenite at a low range of between 5. 0 mg·L-1and 7. 5 mg·L-1,the D. officinale plants all grew well and their polysaccharides content in fresh stem increased with the concentration of sodium selenite. The polysaccharides content of the fresh stems of D. officinale plants treated at a range of 7. 5 mg·L-1was the highest（ a 49. 665 g·kg-1. FW）,but older leaves of the plants began to turn yellow.When the sodium selenite concentration was greater than 7. 5 mg·L-1,the polysaccharides contents of the fresh stems decreased,aggravating the yellow symptoms of the older leaves. When treated at a concentration of 30. 0mg·L-1a large number of older leaves tended to wither,turn yellow and drop; younger leaves turned chlorotic,and the plants senesced. Therefore,the concentrations of sodium selenite at 5. 0-7. 5 mg·L-1were adequate for the growth of D. officinale plants that were sprayed with sodium selenite at this growth stage.
2018, 9(4): 427-432.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.010
Abstract:
One-year-old plants of pitaya（ Hylocereus undulatus） were treated with nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 0（ T0）,130（ T1）,185（ T2）,245（ T3） or 345 kg·hm-2（ T4） to study the effects of different application rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the root system and growth of young pitaya plants. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer promoted the growth of pitaya lateral shoots. The content of nitrogen in the shoots of pitaya plants under5 treatments ranged from 17. 49 g·kg-1to 18. 59 g·kg-1,the phosphorus content from 4. 86 g·kg-1 to 6. 18g·kg-1,and the potassium content from 57. 01 g·kg-1 to 61. 28 g·kg-1. The distribution of different nutrient elements in the same position of pitaya plants was different,and the distribution or accumulation of the same nutrient element in different parts of the pitaya plants was also different. The cumulative content and total cumulative content of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of each pitaya plant in each treatment accounted for 1. 70%,0. 45%,5. 75% and more than 8% of the total dry weight,respectively. The application of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a lower root/shoot ratio of the young pitaya plants. The contents of mineral elements in the aboveground parts of the pitaya plants were all in the order of K ＞ N ＞ P. K content was 3 times higher than N content,or 12 times higher than P content. In pitaya production fertilizer with high potassium is recommended.
One-year-old plants of pitaya（ Hylocereus undulatus） were treated with nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 0（ T0）,130（ T1）,185（ T2）,245（ T3） or 345 kg·hm-2（ T4） to study the effects of different application rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the root system and growth of young pitaya plants. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer promoted the growth of pitaya lateral shoots. The content of nitrogen in the shoots of pitaya plants under5 treatments ranged from 17. 49 g·kg-1to 18. 59 g·kg-1,the phosphorus content from 4. 86 g·kg-1 to 6. 18g·kg-1,and the potassium content from 57. 01 g·kg-1 to 61. 28 g·kg-1. The distribution of different nutrient elements in the same position of pitaya plants was different,and the distribution or accumulation of the same nutrient element in different parts of the pitaya plants was also different. The cumulative content and total cumulative content of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of each pitaya plant in each treatment accounted for 1. 70%,0. 45%,5. 75% and more than 8% of the total dry weight,respectively. The application of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a lower root/shoot ratio of the young pitaya plants. The contents of mineral elements in the aboveground parts of the pitaya plants were all in the order of K ＞ N ＞ P. K content was 3 times higher than N content,or 12 times higher than P content. In pitaya production fertilizer with high potassium is recommended.
2018, 9(4): 433-439.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.011
Abstract:
The 50 strains of Noni（ Morinda citrifolia Linn） endophytic fungi obtained earlier were preliminarily identified,of which 36 strains were found to belong to 9 orders,11 families and 11 genera,and 17 strains belonged to the genus Aspergillus,which were dominant in populations. The antifungal activity of each strain was evaluated with 3 indicator fungi,Pyricularia oryzae,Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium oxysporum. It was found that 19 strains of the endophytic fungi had inhibitory effects on at least two indicator fungi,of which strains J7 and M35 had the highest antifungal activity. Furthermore,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis were used as indicator bacteria to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the secondary endophytic metabolites of each strain by using the disk diffusion method. Among the secondary endophytic metabolites the ethyl acetate extract of 18 endophytic fungi inhibited at least one indicator bacterium,and the strains M2,M33,M50 and M53 had antibacterial activities against the four indicator bacteria.
The 50 strains of Noni（ Morinda citrifolia Linn） endophytic fungi obtained earlier were preliminarily identified,of which 36 strains were found to belong to 9 orders,11 families and 11 genera,and 17 strains belonged to the genus Aspergillus,which were dominant in populations. The antifungal activity of each strain was evaluated with 3 indicator fungi,Pyricularia oryzae,Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium oxysporum. It was found that 19 strains of the endophytic fungi had inhibitory effects on at least two indicator fungi,of which strains J7 and M35 had the highest antifungal activity. Furthermore,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis were used as indicator bacteria to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the secondary endophytic metabolites of each strain by using the disk diffusion method. Among the secondary endophytic metabolites the ethyl acetate extract of 18 endophytic fungi inhibited at least one indicator bacterium,and the strains M2,M33,M50 and M53 had antibacterial activities against the four indicator bacteria.
2018, 9(4): 440-444.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.012
Abstract:
Endophytic fungi which can promote the growth and development of Anoectochilus formosanus were selected and used for natural protection and artificial cultivation of Anoectochilus formosanus. Anoectochilus formosanus was collected from Bawangling,Hainan province and cultured to isolate the endophytic fungi from their roots through symbiotic culture,and effective strains of endophytic fungi were isolated and used to promote growth and development of A. formosanus. The results showed that total 36 endophytic fungi were isolated from A. formosanus,of which 5 strains promoted the growth of the plants of A. formosanus. Of the 5 strains the strain LD02 significantly improved the fresh weight,rhizogenesis,fresh root length and the number of shoots; the strain LD16 significantly promoted rhizogenesis; the strain LD07 significantly promoted the fresh root length. Therefore,the strain LD02 could significantly promote the overall growth of A. formosanus and was hence used as the best growth-promoting endophytic fungus. The 5 strains of the growth-promoting endophytic fungi were identified by the ITS sequence. The results showed that the strain LD01 was identified as A. formosanus sp.,the strain LD02 as Tulasnella sp.,the strain LD07 as Aspergillus sp.,and the strains LD12 and LD16 as Fusarium sp.
Endophytic fungi which can promote the growth and development of Anoectochilus formosanus were selected and used for natural protection and artificial cultivation of Anoectochilus formosanus. Anoectochilus formosanus was collected from Bawangling,Hainan province and cultured to isolate the endophytic fungi from their roots through symbiotic culture,and effective strains of endophytic fungi were isolated and used to promote growth and development of A. formosanus. The results showed that total 36 endophytic fungi were isolated from A. formosanus,of which 5 strains promoted the growth of the plants of A. formosanus. Of the 5 strains the strain LD02 significantly improved the fresh weight,rhizogenesis,fresh root length and the number of shoots; the strain LD16 significantly promoted rhizogenesis; the strain LD07 significantly promoted the fresh root length. Therefore,the strain LD02 could significantly promote the overall growth of A. formosanus and was hence used as the best growth-promoting endophytic fungus. The 5 strains of the growth-promoting endophytic fungi were identified by the ITS sequence. The results showed that the strain LD01 was identified as A. formosanus sp.,the strain LD02 as Tulasnella sp.,the strain LD07 as Aspergillus sp.,and the strains LD12 and LD16 as Fusarium sp.
2018, 9(4): 445-451.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.013
Abstract:
Compounds were isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC method to analyze their biological activities. The structures of the compounds were identified through the combined analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. The acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of compounds were evaluated by Ellman colorimetric method and PNPG method,respectively. Similarly,the anti-oxidative ability of the fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius were determined by the DPPH method,and 96-well plate microanalysis were used to determine their antibacterial activity. Eleven compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract obtained from the fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius and identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester（ 1）,3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde（ 2）,4-（ 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl）-3E-buten-2-one（ 3）,2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylacetophenone（ 4）,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde（ 5）,4-hydroxyacetophenone（ 6）,ergosta-7,22-diene-3β-ol（ 7）,ergosta-7,22-diene-3-one（ 8）,4-（ 4-hydroxyphenyl） but-3-en-2-one（ 9）,1,5-Bis-（ 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl）-1,4-pentadien-3-one（ 10）,3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone（ 11）. The compounds 2,10 and 11 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity,the compounds 3,4,9-11 showed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity,the compounds 1-11 exhibited anti-oxidative ability,and the compound 10 exhibited antimicrobial activity.
Compounds were isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC method to analyze their biological activities. The structures of the compounds were identified through the combined analysis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. The acetylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of compounds were evaluated by Ellman colorimetric method and PNPG method,respectively. Similarly,the anti-oxidative ability of the fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius were determined by the DPPH method,and 96-well plate microanalysis were used to determine their antibacterial activity. Eleven compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract obtained from the fruiting bodies of F. fomentarius and identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester（ 1）,3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde（ 2）,4-（ 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl）-3E-buten-2-one（ 3）,2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylacetophenone（ 4）,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde（ 5）,4-hydroxyacetophenone（ 6）,ergosta-7,22-diene-3β-ol（ 7）,ergosta-7,22-diene-3-one（ 8）,4-（ 4-hydroxyphenyl） but-3-en-2-one（ 9）,1,5-Bis-（ 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl）-1,4-pentadien-3-one（ 10）,3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone（ 11）. The compounds 2,10 and 11 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity,the compounds 3,4,9-11 showed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity,the compounds 1-11 exhibited anti-oxidative ability,and the compound 10 exhibited antimicrobial activity.
2018, 9(4): 452-456.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.014
Abstract:
Healthy Kunming mice were selected and randomly divided into 14 groups,including blank control group,constipation model group,and the other 12 groups that were administered Moringa oleifera stem extracts.The Imodium constipation rat model was established. The body weight of normal mice were measured before and after the mice were administrated the stem extracts,and the migration distance of Indian ink propulsion of the small intestines in mice were measured to observe the motility of the small intestines in mice. The mice were subjected to continuous intragastric infusion for 7 days. The results showed that different portions of M. oleifera stem extracts produced no obvious effect on the growth of the body weight of the mice. The water phase portions from the xylem and phloem exstracts showed a significant effect on the motility of the small intestines in mice,and their small intestine propulsion rates were 48. 89% and 48. 69%,respectively. The results indicated that the M.oleifera stem extracts had an obvious effect on improving of the constipation in mice,and hence show a broad prospect for development.
Healthy Kunming mice were selected and randomly divided into 14 groups,including blank control group,constipation model group,and the other 12 groups that were administered Moringa oleifera stem extracts.The Imodium constipation rat model was established. The body weight of normal mice were measured before and after the mice were administrated the stem extracts,and the migration distance of Indian ink propulsion of the small intestines in mice were measured to observe the motility of the small intestines in mice. The mice were subjected to continuous intragastric infusion for 7 days. The results showed that different portions of M. oleifera stem extracts produced no obvious effect on the growth of the body weight of the mice. The water phase portions from the xylem and phloem exstracts showed a significant effect on the motility of the small intestines in mice,and their small intestine propulsion rates were 48. 89% and 48. 69%,respectively. The results indicated that the M.oleifera stem extracts had an obvious effect on improving of the constipation in mice,and hence show a broad prospect for development.
2018, 9(4): 457-463.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.015
Abstract:
Five microalgae species,i. e. Desmodesmus sp. WC08,Chlorella sp. C74,Monoraphidium sp. C29,Micractinium sp. C67 and Chlorella sp. QH were batch cultured under photo-autotrophy with blue-green（ BG-11） medium as a basic medium,and their biomasses were measured during their growth. The microalgae cultures were gradient diluted to determine their optical density（ OD）,cell density（ CD） and dry weight（ DW）,with which mathematical relations with the biomass of the microalgae were established. At the maximum absorption wavelength of 680 nm,the CD and the OD of the microalgae at the exponential growth stage had a linear relation,which was,expressed as y = 0. 336 66x-0. 002 88,R2= 0. 998 7; the DW was linearly related with the OD in a linear equation of y = 1. 095 98x-0. 064 04,R2= 0. 973 14. The difference between the OD and the CD using Desmodesmus sp. WC08 on five different mediums and the difference of five different microalgae species cultured on the same medium between the OD and the CD were compared and analyze. The results showed that the OD was the best index for calculating of biomass,dry weight and cell density of the microalgae. The OD determination is hence the best method for biomass measurement of the microalgae during the culture.
Five microalgae species,i. e. Desmodesmus sp. WC08,Chlorella sp. C74,Monoraphidium sp. C29,Micractinium sp. C67 and Chlorella sp. QH were batch cultured under photo-autotrophy with blue-green（ BG-11） medium as a basic medium,and their biomasses were measured during their growth. The microalgae cultures were gradient diluted to determine their optical density（ OD）,cell density（ CD） and dry weight（ DW）,with which mathematical relations with the biomass of the microalgae were established. At the maximum absorption wavelength of 680 nm,the CD and the OD of the microalgae at the exponential growth stage had a linear relation,which was,expressed as y = 0. 336 66x-0. 002 88,R2= 0. 998 7; the DW was linearly related with the OD in a linear equation of y = 1. 095 98x-0. 064 04,R2= 0. 973 14. The difference between the OD and the CD using Desmodesmus sp. WC08 on five different mediums and the difference of five different microalgae species cultured on the same medium between the OD and the CD were compared and analyze. The results showed that the OD was the best index for calculating of biomass,dry weight and cell density of the microalgae. The OD determination is hence the best method for biomass measurement of the microalgae during the culture.
2018, 9(4): 464-468.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.04.016
Abstract:
Sangonggao is a popular traditional healthcare medicine prepared by the Hainan Li Ethnic Group,and its preparation is time consuming and less effective. An enzymatic hydrolysis was used to improve the traditional preparation process of Sangonggao,and the polypeptide content of Sangonggao was determined by employing the Coomassie blue staining method or the biuret method. The results showed that the preparation process of Sangongao was improved through additional steps such as glycolysis,centrifugation and removal of fats and oils in the basis of the traditional preparation process. With this improved method the preparation was shortened from 5days and 4 nights to about 2 days and the Sangonggao paste yield increased from about 3. 0% to 8. 84%; the polypeptide content of the prepared Sangonggao was raised from 11. 90 % to 40. 36 %. The biuret method was found to be simple and accurate in determination of polypeptide content in Sangonggao.
Sangonggao is a popular traditional healthcare medicine prepared by the Hainan Li Ethnic Group,and its preparation is time consuming and less effective. An enzymatic hydrolysis was used to improve the traditional preparation process of Sangonggao,and the polypeptide content of Sangonggao was determined by employing the Coomassie blue staining method or the biuret method. The results showed that the preparation process of Sangongao was improved through additional steps such as glycolysis,centrifugation and removal of fats and oils in the basis of the traditional preparation process. With this improved method the preparation was shortened from 5days and 4 nights to about 2 days and the Sangonggao paste yield increased from about 3. 0% to 8. 84%; the polypeptide content of the prepared Sangonggao was raised from 11. 90 % to 40. 36 %. The biuret method was found to be simple and accurate in determination of polypeptide content in Sangonggao.
2018, 9(4): 469-474.
Abstract:
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