2019 Vol. 10, No. 1
2019, 10(1): 1-5.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.001
Abstract
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Abstract:
An attempt was made to analyze the changes of heavy metals in the soft tissue and shells of Crassostrea rivularis under the stress of copper ion. The results showed that the changes of the contents of different heavy metals in C. rivularis varied within a certain range of copper ion concentration. In the control group and the two experimental groups, the contents of copper in the soft tissue of C. rivularis were 67.42, 255.50 and 299.83 mg·kg-1, respectively. The content of copper in the soft tissue of C. rivularis was significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. With the increase of copper ion concentration in the water, the contents of zinc in the soft tissue of C. rivularis in the control and two experimental groups were 984.17, 1 075.00 and 1 120.83 mg·kg-1, respectively, while As and Pb contents showed a downward trend, and Cd content had no significant change. In addition, the contents of Cu and Zn were generally higher in the soft tissue than in the shells. With the increase of copper ion concentration from 0.10 mg·L-1 to 0.15 mg·L-1, the contents of copper in the shell center of C. rivularis were 10.25, 11.17 and 17.83 mg·kg-1, the contents of copper in the shell edge were 10.33, 12.83 and 19.75 mg·kg-1, respectively, and the contents of copper in both shell edge and central parts rose significantly. And the content of Cu was higher in the newly formed shell edge than in the other parts of the shell.
An attempt was made to analyze the changes of heavy metals in the soft tissue and shells of Crassostrea rivularis under the stress of copper ion. The results showed that the changes of the contents of different heavy metals in C. rivularis varied within a certain range of copper ion concentration. In the control group and the two experimental groups, the contents of copper in the soft tissue of C. rivularis were 67.42, 255.50 and 299.83 mg·kg-1, respectively. The content of copper in the soft tissue of C. rivularis was significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control group. With the increase of copper ion concentration in the water, the contents of zinc in the soft tissue of C. rivularis in the control and two experimental groups were 984.17, 1 075.00 and 1 120.83 mg·kg-1, respectively, while As and Pb contents showed a downward trend, and Cd content had no significant change. In addition, the contents of Cu and Zn were generally higher in the soft tissue than in the shells. With the increase of copper ion concentration from 0.10 mg·L-1 to 0.15 mg·L-1, the contents of copper in the shell center of C. rivularis were 10.25, 11.17 and 17.83 mg·kg-1, the contents of copper in the shell edge were 10.33, 12.83 and 19.75 mg·kg-1, respectively, and the contents of copper in both shell edge and central parts rose significantly. And the content of Cu was higher in the newly formed shell edge than in the other parts of the shell.
2019, 10(1): 6-13.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.002
Abstract:
Probiotics and compound nutrients were added into a fish-shrimp mix-culturing pond to regulate the aquaculture environment in the pond, and their effect on water quality was evaluated. The bacterial diversity in the water of the mix-culturing pond was estimated via a high throughput 16 S rDNA sequencing by using Illumina Instrument HiSeq2500 and its composition and abundance were analyzed. The water quality test showed that the water quality parameters in the mix-culturing ponds, such as transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen（DO）, ammonia nitrogen（NH3-N） and nitrite（NO2-N）, fell within the appropriate range of fish and shrimp farming standard and that the concentration of harmful vibrio bacteria was far lower than the pathogenic concentration, which indicates that this method can maintain stable water environment and inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. The analysis of bacterial community composition and abundance showed that the number of bacterial OTU in the aquaculture water was 1878, among which the number of OTU in kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species was 4, 43, 79, 91, 652, 952 and 16, respectively. The relative abundance of bacteria in the aquaculture water was mainly dominated by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, accounting for 38.19%, 28.11%, 18.85%, 12.85% and 0.08% of the total bacteria, respectively. The result indicates that the water in fish-shrimp mix-culturing pond had a higher diversity of bacteria in the bacterial community after the probiotics and compound nutrients were added into the mix-culturing pond, and contained many common probiotics. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the ecological environment of aquaculture and healthy farming of fish and shrimp.
Probiotics and compound nutrients were added into a fish-shrimp mix-culturing pond to regulate the aquaculture environment in the pond, and their effect on water quality was evaluated. The bacterial diversity in the water of the mix-culturing pond was estimated via a high throughput 16 S rDNA sequencing by using Illumina Instrument HiSeq2500 and its composition and abundance were analyzed. The water quality test showed that the water quality parameters in the mix-culturing ponds, such as transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen（DO）, ammonia nitrogen（NH3-N） and nitrite（NO2-N）, fell within the appropriate range of fish and shrimp farming standard and that the concentration of harmful vibrio bacteria was far lower than the pathogenic concentration, which indicates that this method can maintain stable water environment and inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. The analysis of bacterial community composition and abundance showed that the number of bacterial OTU in the aquaculture water was 1878, among which the number of OTU in kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species was 4, 43, 79, 91, 652, 952 and 16, respectively. The relative abundance of bacteria in the aquaculture water was mainly dominated by Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, accounting for 38.19%, 28.11%, 18.85%, 12.85% and 0.08% of the total bacteria, respectively. The result indicates that the water in fish-shrimp mix-culturing pond had a higher diversity of bacteria in the bacterial community after the probiotics and compound nutrients were added into the mix-culturing pond, and contained many common probiotics. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the ecological environment of aquaculture and healthy farming of fish and shrimp.
2019, 10(1): 14-21.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.003
Abstract:
Data on monitoring of coral resources and sea water quality in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve, Hainan from 2012 to 2016 were collected for analysis of the change of coral resources and sea water quality. The results showed that there were more than 50 species of hermatypic corals in this National Nature Reserve, which were a bit lower as compared to those in 2009. The average coverage rate of coral reefs was recovered to 24% by 2016 in the National Nature Reserve with a lower average coverage of dead corals and no or very little occurrence of diseases infecting corals was observed.Coral recruitment has increased significantly since 2015. The dominant coral species from 2012 to 2016 were Galaxea fascicularis, Porites lutea, Acropora millepora, Goniopora duofasciata, Platygyra daedalea, Pocillopora damicornis and Pavona decussata. Comparison of historical data showed that the corals in the community structure gradually changed from branching to massive ones. The seawater quality monitoring showed that seawater quality of the sea waters in the National Nature Reserve fell within the Group 1 of seawater quality standards. In general, coral reefs in the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve have been better restored in recent years and are now in the course of gradual restoration, and they are expected to be restored completely under no human activities.
Data on monitoring of coral resources and sea water quality in Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve, Hainan from 2012 to 2016 were collected for analysis of the change of coral resources and sea water quality. The results showed that there were more than 50 species of hermatypic corals in this National Nature Reserve, which were a bit lower as compared to those in 2009. The average coverage rate of coral reefs was recovered to 24% by 2016 in the National Nature Reserve with a lower average coverage of dead corals and no or very little occurrence of diseases infecting corals was observed.Coral recruitment has increased significantly since 2015. The dominant coral species from 2012 to 2016 were Galaxea fascicularis, Porites lutea, Acropora millepora, Goniopora duofasciata, Platygyra daedalea, Pocillopora damicornis and Pavona decussata. Comparison of historical data showed that the corals in the community structure gradually changed from branching to massive ones. The seawater quality monitoring showed that seawater quality of the sea waters in the National Nature Reserve fell within the Group 1 of seawater quality standards. In general, coral reefs in the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve have been better restored in recent years and are now in the course of gradual restoration, and they are expected to be restored completely under no human activities.
2019, 10(1): 22-27.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.004
Abstract:
An efficient and stable circulating water system was constructed for coral culture, and five coral species were cultured in an Aquarium. Water temperature, light intensity, nutrient and other environmental indicators of the coral culture were regularly monitored in the aquarium, and the growth status of corals was recorded. The results showed that the water quality and illumination intensity had an important effect on the growth and reproduction of corals. The five species of corals all grew well under the conditions of water temperature at 24-28 ℃, salinity 25-35, pH 8.0-8.5, low ammonia concentration(＜0. 01 mg·L-1), low nitrate concentration(＜0.005 mg·L-1), low nitrite nitrogen concentration(＜0.005 mg·L-1) and higher dissolved oxygen(＞4 mg·L-1). Green button corals（Protopalythoa sp.） were reproduced naturally. The coral budsof Acropora cervicornis increased their length growth by 2.84%-3.42% per month, their height growth by 2.28%-2.79% per month, and their weight growth by 2.28%-3.02% per month. Illumination intensity in a range of 10 000 to 20 000 Lx promoted coral growth; different species of corals had different degrees of sensitivity to light intensity, which indicates that the corals have different saturation points in their response to illuminationight intensity.
An efficient and stable circulating water system was constructed for coral culture, and five coral species were cultured in an Aquarium. Water temperature, light intensity, nutrient and other environmental indicators of the coral culture were regularly monitored in the aquarium, and the growth status of corals was recorded. The results showed that the water quality and illumination intensity had an important effect on the growth and reproduction of corals. The five species of corals all grew well under the conditions of water temperature at 24-28 ℃, salinity 25-35, pH 8.0-8.5, low ammonia concentration(＜0. 01 mg·L-1), low nitrate concentration(＜0.005 mg·L-1), low nitrite nitrogen concentration(＜0.005 mg·L-1) and higher dissolved oxygen(＞4 mg·L-1). Green button corals（Protopalythoa sp.） were reproduced naturally. The coral budsof Acropora cervicornis increased their length growth by 2.84%-3.42% per month, their height growth by 2.28%-2.79% per month, and their weight growth by 2.28%-3.02% per month. Illumination intensity in a range of 10 000 to 20 000 Lx promoted coral growth; different species of corals had different degrees of sensitivity to light intensity, which indicates that the corals have different saturation points in their response to illuminationight intensity.
2019, 10(1): 28-33.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.005
Abstract:
The mycelia growth rate of pathogens was used to analyze the fungistatic ability of 16 active ingredients from plants against postharvest pathogens（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Phomopsis mangiferae）, and some of the plant-based active ingredients with high inhibitory activity against the pathogens were tested to determine their control efficacy against the major postharvest diseases in mango fruit（Mangifera indica Linn）. The results showed that all of the plant-based active ingredients at a concentration of 100 mg·L-1 had an inhibitory ability against mycelial growth of the 4 species of pathogens under test, of which the active ingredients piperlongumine, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, piperine, cheysophanol, capsaicin and emodin had an average inhibitory rate of above 70.00%. The active ingredients piperlongumine, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin and piperine at 1 000 mg·L-1 had a better control effect on the postharvest diseases of mango, of which piperlongumine was the most effective for controlling postharvest diseases in mango fruit（82.18% and 80.75% for anthracnose（C. gloeosporioides） and stem end rot（P. mangiferae）, respectively, averaging 81.47%）, better than the positive control prochloraz. This suggests that piperlongumine should have the potential to be used as an alternative chemical fungicide against postharvest diseases of mango.
The mycelia growth rate of pathogens was used to analyze the fungistatic ability of 16 active ingredients from plants against postharvest pathogens（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Phomopsis mangiferae）, and some of the plant-based active ingredients with high inhibitory activity against the pathogens were tested to determine their control efficacy against the major postharvest diseases in mango fruit（Mangifera indica Linn）. The results showed that all of the plant-based active ingredients at a concentration of 100 mg·L-1 had an inhibitory ability against mycelial growth of the 4 species of pathogens under test, of which the active ingredients piperlongumine, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, piperine, cheysophanol, capsaicin and emodin had an average inhibitory rate of above 70.00%. The active ingredients piperlongumine, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin and piperine at 1 000 mg·L-1 had a better control effect on the postharvest diseases of mango, of which piperlongumine was the most effective for controlling postharvest diseases in mango fruit（82.18% and 80.75% for anthracnose（C. gloeosporioides） and stem end rot（P. mangiferae）, respectively, averaging 81.47%）, better than the positive control prochloraz. This suggests that piperlongumine should have the potential to be used as an alternative chemical fungicide against postharvest diseases of mango.
2019, 10(1): 34-40.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.006
Abstract:
The pathogen of Phomopsis leaf spot in Khaya senegalensis was identified and its biological characteristics were determined. The pathogen was identified as Diaporthe musigena based on pathogenicity measurement and morphological observation as well as molecular identification. The biological observation showed that the optimum conditions for the pathogen growth were temperature 28 ℃, pH5, Soybean peptone as nitrogen source, sucrose as carbon source. Alternation of light and darkness inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen.
The pathogen of Phomopsis leaf spot in Khaya senegalensis was identified and its biological characteristics were determined. The pathogen was identified as Diaporthe musigena based on pathogenicity measurement and morphological observation as well as molecular identification. The biological observation showed that the optimum conditions for the pathogen growth were temperature 28 ℃, pH5, Soybean peptone as nitrogen source, sucrose as carbon source. Alternation of light and darkness inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen.
2019, 10(1): 41-46.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.007
Abstract:
Heavy metals could affect the development of plants and microbial communities in soil. They can be transported into plants and animals by the food chain and may cause human diseases. In this context soil samples were collected in Changjiang mining area of Hainan Province, China, from which four copper-resistant strains were isolated. These strains were cultured in the LB medium containing different concentrations of heavy metals, and found to be resistant to copper. Moreover, the strain Cu-6 was observed to be resistant to plumbum（Pb） and cadmium（Cd） as well. Cu-6 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae, and had an optimal growth in the conditions of 34 ℃, pH6.0 and 0.5% NaCl. Cu-6 showed a good growth in the liquid LB medium containing 800 mg·L-1 CuSO4·5 H2O, 1 700 mg·L-1 C4H6O4Pb·3 H2O, 150 mg·L-1 CdCl2·2.5 H2O, or even mixture of these three metal ions, indicating that this strain should have a strong adaptation to the complex soil environment, and have a potential of soil improvement from the soil contaminated by heavy metals.
Heavy metals could affect the development of plants and microbial communities in soil. They can be transported into plants and animals by the food chain and may cause human diseases. In this context soil samples were collected in Changjiang mining area of Hainan Province, China, from which four copper-resistant strains were isolated. These strains were cultured in the LB medium containing different concentrations of heavy metals, and found to be resistant to copper. Moreover, the strain Cu-6 was observed to be resistant to plumbum（Pb） and cadmium（Cd） as well. Cu-6 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae, and had an optimal growth in the conditions of 34 ℃, pH6.0 and 0.5% NaCl. Cu-6 showed a good growth in the liquid LB medium containing 800 mg·L-1 CuSO4·5 H2O, 1 700 mg·L-1 C4H6O4Pb·3 H2O, 150 mg·L-1 CdCl2·2.5 H2O, or even mixture of these three metal ions, indicating that this strain should have a strong adaptation to the complex soil environment, and have a potential of soil improvement from the soil contaminated by heavy metals.
2019, 10(1): 47-51.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.008
Abstract:
Topworking for change of a crown of a crop is an important method for improving a low-yielding crop. Bark grafting is one of the common practices for topworking and is widely used to improve economic tree crops, or for vegetative propagation. However, there are few reports on topworking of Camellia oleifera trees in Hainan. Fifty one trees of C. oleifera in an oil tree plantation at Shengke village, Yangjiang Town, Qionghai city, Hainan were selected for topworking via barkgrafting. The barkgrafted branches had a survival rate of 85% with 29% of fruiting branches. At the same time, 614 C. oleifera trees in an oil tree plantation at Houchen village, Fushan Town, Chengmai county, Hainan were selected for topworking via barkgrafting. An average number of branches of C. oleifera trees used for barkgrafting per plant was 2.03, and 1.82 grafted branches per plant survived with a survival rate of grafted branches being 89.97%. The results showed that barkgrafting had a high survival rate of grafted branches and can be used for topworking. C. oleifera trees yielded fast and high after topworking via barkgrafting. The barkgrafted branches started to set fruit 2 years after grafting. The topworking C. oleifera trees increased fruit yield by 5.40 kg/tree and oil yield by 0.22 kg/tree at Shangke Village, and fruit yield by 2.74 kg/tree at plot A and 5.59 kg/tree at plot B at Houchen Village as compared to the yield of trees without topworking. These results indicate that barkgrafing is a good practice for topworking of the low yielding C. oleifera plantations in Hainan and that the topworking trees will increase their yield obviously.
Topworking for change of a crown of a crop is an important method for improving a low-yielding crop. Bark grafting is one of the common practices for topworking and is widely used to improve economic tree crops, or for vegetative propagation. However, there are few reports on topworking of Camellia oleifera trees in Hainan. Fifty one trees of C. oleifera in an oil tree plantation at Shengke village, Yangjiang Town, Qionghai city, Hainan were selected for topworking via barkgrafting. The barkgrafted branches had a survival rate of 85% with 29% of fruiting branches. At the same time, 614 C. oleifera trees in an oil tree plantation at Houchen village, Fushan Town, Chengmai county, Hainan were selected for topworking via barkgrafting. An average number of branches of C. oleifera trees used for barkgrafting per plant was 2.03, and 1.82 grafted branches per plant survived with a survival rate of grafted branches being 89.97%. The results showed that barkgrafting had a high survival rate of grafted branches and can be used for topworking. C. oleifera trees yielded fast and high after topworking via barkgrafting. The barkgrafted branches started to set fruit 2 years after grafting. The topworking C. oleifera trees increased fruit yield by 5.40 kg/tree and oil yield by 0.22 kg/tree at Shangke Village, and fruit yield by 2.74 kg/tree at plot A and 5.59 kg/tree at plot B at Houchen Village as compared to the yield of trees without topworking. These results indicate that barkgrafing is a good practice for topworking of the low yielding C. oleifera plantations in Hainan and that the topworking trees will increase their yield obviously.
2019, 10(1): 52-59.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.009
Abstract:
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A（HMG-CoA） synthase（HMGS） is an important enzyme in the mevalonate（MVA） pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which regulates the rubber biosynthetic pathway in rubber tree（Hevea brasiliensis） in coordination with other genes. However, little information is available about the regulation of HMGS gene expression. The full-length HbHMGS1 promoter was cloned, its promoter sequence analyzed with PlantCARE database, and a series of 5′deletion constructs constructed. The constructs including CaMV35 S-GUS were transformed into tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana by using the Agrobacterium-mediated method, and characterized quantitatively and ualitatively in transgenic plants with the GUS gene as a reporter gene. The GUS histochemical staining was observed in the leaves of tobacco and different tissues of T2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants at the young and mature developmental stages. When the T2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing the HbHMGS1 promoter were exposed to light and darkness, the activity of GUS protein 96 h after light treatment increased quickly to about 3.2 times of that 72 h after light treatment, and the GUS activity of leaves 72 h and 96 h after dark treatment increased to 1.38 and 2.13 times of that 48-h after dark treatment, respectively. Quantitative detection of the GUS protein activity in response to heat shock and drought treatments showed that the 699-bp sequence from-699 to the start codon-1 might be the major heat shock response region, and that the drought response region was mainly located in the 213-bp sequence from-213 to the start codon-1. These results indicated the HbHMGS1promoter may play important roles in regulating of expression of the HbHMGS1 gene in response to light, heat-shock and drought.
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A（HMG-CoA） synthase（HMGS） is an important enzyme in the mevalonate（MVA） pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which regulates the rubber biosynthetic pathway in rubber tree（Hevea brasiliensis） in coordination with other genes. However, little information is available about the regulation of HMGS gene expression. The full-length HbHMGS1 promoter was cloned, its promoter sequence analyzed with PlantCARE database, and a series of 5′deletion constructs constructed. The constructs including CaMV35 S-GUS were transformed into tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana by using the Agrobacterium-mediated method, and characterized quantitatively and ualitatively in transgenic plants with the GUS gene as a reporter gene. The GUS histochemical staining was observed in the leaves of tobacco and different tissues of T2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants at the young and mature developmental stages. When the T2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing the HbHMGS1 promoter were exposed to light and darkness, the activity of GUS protein 96 h after light treatment increased quickly to about 3.2 times of that 72 h after light treatment, and the GUS activity of leaves 72 h and 96 h after dark treatment increased to 1.38 and 2.13 times of that 48-h after dark treatment, respectively. Quantitative detection of the GUS protein activity in response to heat shock and drought treatments showed that the 699-bp sequence from-699 to the start codon-1 might be the major heat shock response region, and that the drought response region was mainly located in the 213-bp sequence from-213 to the start codon-1. These results indicated the HbHMGS1promoter may play important roles in regulating of expression of the HbHMGS1 gene in response to light, heat-shock and drought.
2019, 10(1): 60-65.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.010
Abstract:
Red flesh pitaya‘Jindu No.1’（Hylocereus undulatus Britt） were treated with different spectra and illumination time to observe the effects of different supplementary illumination time on flower formation of pitaya in winter in Hainan. The results were given as follows. 1) The mixed yellow light and red light both could induce flower formation of pitaya, while the blue light could not induce formation of flower. 2) The spectrum and the supplementary illumination time had a significant interaction effect on flower formation of pitaya. 3) Different seasons required different supplementary illumination time. From early February to late February pitaya were induced to produce flowers when treated with the mixed yellow light at 15 W for 5 h for supplementary illumination. From late February to early March, 4 h supplementary illumination could induce flower formation. From early to the end of March, 3 h supplementary illumination was enough to induce flower formation of pitaya.
Red flesh pitaya‘Jindu No.1’（Hylocereus undulatus Britt） were treated with different spectra and illumination time to observe the effects of different supplementary illumination time on flower formation of pitaya in winter in Hainan. The results were given as follows. 1) The mixed yellow light and red light both could induce flower formation of pitaya, while the blue light could not induce formation of flower. 2) The spectrum and the supplementary illumination time had a significant interaction effect on flower formation of pitaya. 3) Different seasons required different supplementary illumination time. From early February to late February pitaya were induced to produce flowers when treated with the mixed yellow light at 15 W for 5 h for supplementary illumination. From late February to early March, 4 h supplementary illumination could induce flower formation. From early to the end of March, 3 h supplementary illumination was enough to induce flower formation of pitaya.
2019, 10(1): 66-69.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.011
Abstract:
Fruit nutrients of Stauntonia leucantha were determined and analyzed based on the newly released version of the China national food safety standards. The results showed that the fruit of S. leucantha was rich in nutrients. The total sugar content in the fruit was 8.06%, the highest except water. The vitamin C content was 1 033.8 mg·kg-1, and Vitamins B1, B2 and E contents were similar to those in Chaenomeles sinensis（Thouin）Koehne. Seven fatty acids were detected in the fatty acid composition, of which palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid contents were higher, accounting for 45.37%, 21.02%, 20.25% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The fruit were determined to contain 24 mineral elements, of which potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were higher. Fifteen amino acids were detected in the amino acid composition, 7 of which are essential amino acids. The analysis of the nutrients of the fruit of S. leucantha is expected to provide the basis and reference for the development and utilization of S. leucantha.
Fruit nutrients of Stauntonia leucantha were determined and analyzed based on the newly released version of the China national food safety standards. The results showed that the fruit of S. leucantha was rich in nutrients. The total sugar content in the fruit was 8.06%, the highest except water. The vitamin C content was 1 033.8 mg·kg-1, and Vitamins B1, B2 and E contents were similar to those in Chaenomeles sinensis（Thouin）Koehne. Seven fatty acids were detected in the fatty acid composition, of which palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid contents were higher, accounting for 45.37%, 21.02%, 20.25% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The fruit were determined to contain 24 mineral elements, of which potassium, calcium and magnesium contents were higher. Fifteen amino acids were detected in the amino acid composition, 7 of which are essential amino acids. The analysis of the nutrients of the fruit of S. leucantha is expected to provide the basis and reference for the development and utilization of S. leucantha.
Analysis of Distribution and Behavior of Tourists in Xinglong Botanical Garden by Two Survey Methods
2019, 10(1): 70-75.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.012
Abstract:
The distribution and behavior of tourists are an important criterion for verifying the rationality of planning and design, and its analysis can help improve planning of scenic spots. The distribution and behavior of tourists in the Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden were analyzed by using two survey methods, Tencent Browsing Index（TBI） method combined with the heatmap big data, and the action observation method. The results showed that the tourists were mainly concentrated in the entrance landscape area and the popular science tasting area. The main behaviors include viewing, experiencing and taking a rest. The distribution and behavior of the tourists were mainly influenced by the route of the tour, the division of the function of the park, the setting of service facilities and the surrounding environment, the causes of which were analyzed. At the same time, the results of these two survey methods were found basically the same although there were some differences. The advantages and disadvantages of the two survey methods were discussed.
The distribution and behavior of tourists are an important criterion for verifying the rationality of planning and design, and its analysis can help improve planning of scenic spots. The distribution and behavior of tourists in the Xinglong Tropical Botanical Garden were analyzed by using two survey methods, Tencent Browsing Index（TBI） method combined with the heatmap big data, and the action observation method. The results showed that the tourists were mainly concentrated in the entrance landscape area and the popular science tasting area. The main behaviors include viewing, experiencing and taking a rest. The distribution and behavior of the tourists were mainly influenced by the route of the tour, the division of the function of the park, the setting of service facilities and the surrounding environment, the causes of which were analyzed. At the same time, the results of these two survey methods were found basically the same although there were some differences. The advantages and disadvantages of the two survey methods were discussed.
2019, 10(1): 76-82,98.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.013
Abstract:
In order to quantitatively evaluate the actual utilization efficiency of urban street open space, the concept of open space utilization value and open space value was introduced. In this concept the index factor assignment score was used to evaluate the actual use value of open space（M）, and a multivariate linear regression model is constructed based on the Hedonic model to calculate the open space value of the sample（α）, so that the actual utilization efficiency of the open space is obtained, that is,η=M/α. In order to judge whether the open space is inefficient, the optimal utilization efficiency of the open space has to be calculated. The government reference and questionnaire survey were used to determine the standard reference sample. The Jurenfang Community were determined as the standard reference sample, based on which the actual utilization efficiency standards of thecommunity were calculated and compared with that of the other sample communities under study to judge the inefficiency of the open space. If the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in a sample is higher than that of the standard sample, the open space in the sample is fully utilized. Conversely, if the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in a sample is lower than that in the standard sample the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in the sample is in a course of inefficient use. The research results showed that the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in the sample Gaodeng Community was greater than that in the standard sample Jurenfang Community, indicating that the open space in the Gaoden community was fully utilized. The actual utilization efficiency of the open space in Aihua Community and Wanfu Community was less than that in the standard sample, suggesting these two communities were had inefficient actual utilization efficiency in the open space.
In order to quantitatively evaluate the actual utilization efficiency of urban street open space, the concept of open space utilization value and open space value was introduced. In this concept the index factor assignment score was used to evaluate the actual use value of open space（M）, and a multivariate linear regression model is constructed based on the Hedonic model to calculate the open space value of the sample（α）, so that the actual utilization efficiency of the open space is obtained, that is,η=M/α. In order to judge whether the open space is inefficient, the optimal utilization efficiency of the open space has to be calculated. The government reference and questionnaire survey were used to determine the standard reference sample. The Jurenfang Community were determined as the standard reference sample, based on which the actual utilization efficiency standards of thecommunity were calculated and compared with that of the other sample communities under study to judge the inefficiency of the open space. If the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in a sample is higher than that of the standard sample, the open space in the sample is fully utilized. Conversely, if the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in a sample is lower than that in the standard sample the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in the sample is in a course of inefficient use. The research results showed that the actual utilization efficiency of the open space in the sample Gaodeng Community was greater than that in the standard sample Jurenfang Community, indicating that the open space in the Gaoden community was fully utilized. The actual utilization efficiency of the open space in Aihua Community and Wanfu Community was less than that in the standard sample, suggesting these two communities were had inefficient actual utilization efficiency in the open space.
2019, 10(1): 83-88.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.014
Abstract:
The concentrations of recombinant human adrenocorticotropic（ACTH） hormone precursor protein（ProACTH141） and its metabolite ACTH（1-39） in mouse blood serum were determined by using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC）. In the Rp-HPLC method Inertsil＆#x00AE; C18 column（4.6×150 mm, ＆#x2205;5 μm） was adopted, and ACTH（1-24） was used as an internal standard. Linear gradient elution was performed by proportional mixing of 0.1% TFA buffer（mobile phase A） and acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA（mobile phase B）. HPLC condition: flow rate, 1 mL·min-1; detection wavelength, 280 nm; column temperature, room temperature. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the half-life(T1/2) of ProACTH141 was 21.9 min and that the peak retention time(Tmax) of its metabolite ACTH（1-39） in the serum was 20 min. The area under the curves of ProACTH141 and ACTH（1-39） was 538.2(mg·L-1)·min-1. and 88.2(mg·L-1)·min-1, respectively. The RP-HPLC method is easy to operate, and high in sensitivity and accuracy and can hence be used for pharmacokinetic analysis of the recombinant human adrenocorticotropic hormone precursor protein.
The concentrations of recombinant human adrenocorticotropic（ACTH） hormone precursor protein（ProACTH141） and its metabolite ACTH（1-39） in mouse blood serum were determined by using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC）. In the Rp-HPLC method Inertsil＆#x00AE; C18 column（4.6×150 mm, ＆#x2205;5 μm） was adopted, and ACTH（1-24） was used as an internal standard. Linear gradient elution was performed by proportional mixing of 0.1% TFA buffer（mobile phase A） and acetonitrile containing 0.1% TFA（mobile phase B）. HPLC condition: flow rate, 1 mL·min-1; detection wavelength, 280 nm; column temperature, room temperature. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the half-life(T1/2) of ProACTH141 was 21.9 min and that the peak retention time(Tmax) of its metabolite ACTH（1-39） in the serum was 20 min. The area under the curves of ProACTH141 and ACTH（1-39） was 538.2(mg·L-1)·min-1. and 88.2(mg·L-1)·min-1, respectively. The RP-HPLC method is easy to operate, and high in sensitivity and accuracy and can hence be used for pharmacokinetic analysis of the recombinant human adrenocorticotropic hormone precursor protein.
2019, 10(1): 89-93.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.015
Abstract:
β-glucosidase is a hydrolase which exists widely in nature, and its content is directly related to the amount of hydrolysate. Cassava contains a large number of cyanogenic glycosides which are one of the substrates of β-glucosidase and will produce a poisonous substance, cyanide after hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase, bringing hidden dangers to the food safety. For food safety, an attempt was made to provide a rapid detection technique for cyanide content of cassava and its products. The Balb/C mice were immunized with β-glucosidase from A, B and C sources as antigens, and their monoclonal antibodies were prepared and evaluated. The results showed that the antibodies obtained from the mice immunized with the three sources（A, B and C） of β-glucosidase did not cross-react with each other. Five hybridoma cell lines were obtained from the spleen of the mice immunized with Antigen A, and the titer of antibodies was above 105. All the subtypes were IgG1, but all the monoclonal antibodies had no cross-reaction with the Antigens B and C, KLH and BSA. It was concluded that the antibodies obtained from the mice immunized with different sources of β-glucosidase were specific.
β-glucosidase is a hydrolase which exists widely in nature, and its content is directly related to the amount of hydrolysate. Cassava contains a large number of cyanogenic glycosides which are one of the substrates of β-glucosidase and will produce a poisonous substance, cyanide after hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase, bringing hidden dangers to the food safety. For food safety, an attempt was made to provide a rapid detection technique for cyanide content of cassava and its products. The Balb/C mice were immunized with β-glucosidase from A, B and C sources as antigens, and their monoclonal antibodies were prepared and evaluated. The results showed that the antibodies obtained from the mice immunized with the three sources（A, B and C） of β-glucosidase did not cross-react with each other. Five hybridoma cell lines were obtained from the spleen of the mice immunized with Antigen A, and the titer of antibodies was above 105. All the subtypes were IgG1, but all the monoclonal antibodies had no cross-reaction with the Antigens B and C, KLH and BSA. It was concluded that the antibodies obtained from the mice immunized with different sources of β-glucosidase were specific.
2019, 10(1): 94-98.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2019.01.016
Abstract:
Endangered Orchid plants contain polysaccharides and polyphenols, and it is difficult to extract high-quality DNA from these plants. Three extraction methods, i.e. improved CTAB method, improved SDS method and Kit method, were used to extract genomic DNA of endangered Orchid plants（Dendrobium nobile, Paphiopedilum appletonianum, Cymbidium goeringii var. goeringii, Vanda pumila, Renanthera imschootiana and Phalaenopsis equestris）, and the extracted DNA was compared in quality, concentration and purity to optimize DNA extraction methods for these orchid plants. The results showed that the improved CTAB method and Kit method removed effectively polysaccharides and polyphenols from the Orchidaceae plants and had a higher positive effect on DNA extraction, while the improved SDS method was poorest in DNA extraction. The DNA extracted by the improved CTAB method was higher in concentration than that by the Kit method, and its follow-up PCR amplification was better as well.
Endangered Orchid plants contain polysaccharides and polyphenols, and it is difficult to extract high-quality DNA from these plants. Three extraction methods, i.e. improved CTAB method, improved SDS method and Kit method, were used to extract genomic DNA of endangered Orchid plants（Dendrobium nobile, Paphiopedilum appletonianum, Cymbidium goeringii var. goeringii, Vanda pumila, Renanthera imschootiana and Phalaenopsis equestris）, and the extracted DNA was compared in quality, concentration and purity to optimize DNA extraction methods for these orchid plants. The results showed that the improved CTAB method and Kit method removed effectively polysaccharides and polyphenols from the Orchidaceae plants and had a higher positive effect on DNA extraction, while the improved SDS method was poorest in DNA extraction. The DNA extracted by the improved CTAB method was higher in concentration than that by the Kit method, and its follow-up PCR amplification was better as well.
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