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槟榔是仅次于烟草、含酒精和含咖啡因成分饮品之外的世界第4大常用嗜好品。在全球范围,至少有6亿人日常食用槟榔[1-2]。在中国就有1亿人食用槟榔[3]。槟榔食用者主要集中在亚太地区,包括印度、孟加拉国、缅甸、斯里兰卡、巴布亚新几内亚、柬埔寨、马来西亚及中国[1];咀嚼槟榔在这些地区是一种世代相传的民俗文化,在世界民族文化和历史发展中具有重要的地位。随着亚太地区人们向欧美等国移民和旅游增多,槟榔也在世界范围内得到广泛的传播。
槟榔的流行并非是因为它本身拥有香甜可口的味道或香味。多数情况下,人们并不会直接食用槟榔鲜果,通常是用蒌叶(betel leaf)将槟榔种子和熟石灰包裹,并添加香料或甜味剂。添加熟石灰会使槟榔产品的pH值升高,增加精神活性成分(如槟榔碱)的传递和吸收[4]。食用过程中常添加多种调味品,包括传统香料(如豆蔻、藏红花、丁香、茴香、姜黄和芥末)、甜味剂(如椰子和干枣)和调味料(如薄荷醇和薄荷)[5],因地域口味而异。在所罗门群岛和巴布亚新几内亚,常用蒌叶包裹槟榔种子[6],而在其他太平洋岛屿上,没有蒌叶的槟榔则更常见;太平洋岛民和中国台湾地区的人们常食用整个未成熟的槟榔果实[7];中国大陆地区的人们则主要食用未成熟的果皮[8]。槟榔流行的主要原因是其类似烟草的成瘾性,并且相较于仅食用槟榔,食用添加烟草的槟榔的依赖性更大[7, 9]。据报道,多数人将槟榔与烟草一起食用。此外,食用熟石灰作为添加成分也会提高食用者的依赖性[10]:一项针对中国台湾、中国大陆、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、斯里兰卡和尼泊尔6个国家(地区)的研究发现,食用无烟草而添加生石灰的槟榔制品食用者,更可能降低其对烟草的依赖性[11]。有研究者针对伦敦印度裔居民对槟榔的依赖性进行过研究,并设计了槟榔依赖量表,以评估其依赖程度[9]。槟榔中主要的精神活性剂是槟榔碱(arecoline)及其衍生物,这是一类在毒蕈碱受体上起激动剂作用的生物碱,该生物碱可能作用于中枢神经系统,使之产生兴奋感[12];研究结果还表明,槟榔碱对某些乙酰胆碱受体有影响,这可能也是其产生依赖性的原因之一[13]。槟榔碱和尼古丁成瘾的分子机制之间存在共同的协同联系,因为槟榔碱和尼古丁均作用于大脑中相同的受体蛋白,部分激动剂疗法也可用于辅助戒烟[13],此研究结果表明,用于戒除尼古丁依赖性的药物(如野靛碱、瓦伦尼克林)对戒断槟榔的成瘾性也可能有效[13]。
槟榔可用于制备多种产品(表1)[14]。目前在市场上除了传统槟榔产品以外,还有多种新形式的槟榔制品。如作为戒烟药添加剂、运动兴奋剂、电子烟添加剂、功能饮料添加剂、牙膏添加剂、口腔清新剂和槟榔油等[15-18]。但这些产品通常在本地加工,制作工艺粗糙,没有实现标准化生产。在小作坊生产中,曾发现使用有毒工业染料作为着色剂的产品,也有因储存不当而生霉或腐败后产生黄曲霉素等有毒物质的产品[19-20]。
表 1 槟榔使用国家的槟榔产品和常见形式[14]
Table 1. A selection of key betel quid and areca nut products, their common forms, and countries of use[14]
名称
Common name使用国家(地区)
Consuming country/region产品描述
Product description槟榔 (Binglang) 中国大陆地区 批量化或手工制作的产品;由干制后的果皮,添加香料、甜味剂与其他成分(如葡萄干、枸杞等)混合而成。 中国台湾省和海南省 新鲜未成熟果皮或整个果实,包裹蒌叶并添加石灰粉(贝壳或石灰石烧制) Paan 孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、印度、密克罗尼西亚联邦、老挝、马来西亚、马尔代夫、缅甸、巴布亚新几内亚、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、帕劳、新加坡、斯里兰卡、泰国、阿联酋、英国、越南 商业或供应商准备的包装产品,或用烟草制作的手工产品;包含槟榔、熟石灰、蒌叶和槟榔提取物,不同区域添加不同的成分,如豆蔻、藏红花、丁香、大茴香、姜黄、芥末、甜味剂、玫瑰水、薄荷或其他香料。 Betel quid 巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛 定制或手工制作的产品;是蒌叶、槟榔种子或蒌叶的果实和石灰粉的组合,可添加其他成分和香料,通常在添加或不添加其他成分后,将槟榔用蒌叶包裹或不包裹而制成。 Gutkha or gutka 孟加拉国、印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡 商业生产和包装形式的烟草产品,其中包含槟榔种子碎片和槟榔提取物,将它们与各种调味剂(有时还包括甜味剂)混合在一起。 Khaini, khoini 孟加拉国、不丹、印度、尼泊尔 商业制备或定制产品,其中包含烟草粉末和熟石灰糊,有时含有槟榔种子。 Mainpuri 北方邦、印度 包含烟草、槟榔种子、樟脑和丁香的手工或定制产品。 Mawa, kharra 古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、印度 手工或定制产品;本地生产并包装在玻璃纸中,其中包含小片槟榔种子(95%),与烟草片和熟石灰混合,然后将混合物揉在一起。 Naswar (niswar) 阿富汗、印度、巴基斯坦 烟草的定制形式,包括熟石灰、灰分、油,有时包括调味剂(最常见的是薄荷醇和豆蔻)和着色剂(如靛蓝)等。 Zaarda or zarda 孟加拉国、不丹、印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、
英国、也门商业生产的产品;包含烟草、石灰、香料、植物染料:在破碎的烟叶中加入石灰和香料,煮沸,将混合物干燥并用植物染料上色;有时与槟榔种子混合。
Analysis of International Culture and Policies in Arecanut
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摘要: 槟榔是一种充满争议却广为流行的嗜好品和休闲食品。一方面,槟榔被认为是有益健康的传统食品和药材;另一方面,槟榔也被国际癌症研究机构(IARC)列入人类第一类致癌物质清单。在中国,槟榔产业于2019年已经达到接近1 000亿人民币总产值,公众日益对公共健康与卫生的关注也数次引发了针对槟榔产业的舆论危机。因此,亟需全面理清槟榔的健康利弊,并据此制定完善的管理法规与制度。笔者对全球,特别是东南亚国家和地区槟榔的文化传统、食用方式、健康影响和各国各地区对槟榔的管理政策方面进行综述,旨在对槟榔产业的健康发展和中国监管部门的政策制定提供参考依据。Abstract: Areca nut is one of the most popular masticatories and has also been widely controversial. On the one hand, areca nut has been considered a healthful traditional food and medicine, while on the other hand, areca nut has been classified as carcinogenic to human beings (Group 1) by the International Agency for Cancer Research (IARC). In China the arecanut industry generated a total output value of nearly 100 billion yuan in 2019, and increasing public attention to public health and hygiene has also triggered public opinion crises against the arecanut industry. Therefore, we urgently need to fully understand the health benefits and disadvantages of arecanut with a view to establishing comprehensive management regulations and systems for arecanut in China. A review was made of the cultural traditions, patterns of use, health effects, and policies of areca nuts in the world, especially in Southeast Asian countries in order to provide references for the healthy development of the arecanut industry in China and the policy making by China’s regulatory authorities.
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Key words:
- arecanut /
- patterns of use /
- health effects /
- policy /
- strategy
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表 1 槟榔使用国家的槟榔产品和常见形式[14]
Table 1 A selection of key betel quid and areca nut products, their common forms, and countries of use[14]
名称
Common name使用国家(地区)
Consuming country/region产品描述
Product description槟榔 (Binglang) 中国大陆地区 批量化或手工制作的产品;由干制后的果皮,添加香料、甜味剂与其他成分(如葡萄干、枸杞等)混合而成。 中国台湾省和海南省 新鲜未成熟果皮或整个果实,包裹蒌叶并添加石灰粉(贝壳或石灰石烧制) Paan 孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、印度、密克罗尼西亚联邦、老挝、马来西亚、马尔代夫、缅甸、巴布亚新几内亚、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、帕劳、新加坡、斯里兰卡、泰国、阿联酋、英国、越南 商业或供应商准备的包装产品,或用烟草制作的手工产品;包含槟榔、熟石灰、蒌叶和槟榔提取物,不同区域添加不同的成分,如豆蔻、藏红花、丁香、大茴香、姜黄、芥末、甜味剂、玫瑰水、薄荷或其他香料。 Betel quid 巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛 定制或手工制作的产品;是蒌叶、槟榔种子或蒌叶的果实和石灰粉的组合,可添加其他成分和香料,通常在添加或不添加其他成分后,将槟榔用蒌叶包裹或不包裹而制成。 Gutkha or gutka 孟加拉国、印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡 商业生产和包装形式的烟草产品,其中包含槟榔种子碎片和槟榔提取物,将它们与各种调味剂(有时还包括甜味剂)混合在一起。 Khaini, khoini 孟加拉国、不丹、印度、尼泊尔 商业制备或定制产品,其中包含烟草粉末和熟石灰糊,有时含有槟榔种子。 Mainpuri 北方邦、印度 包含烟草、槟榔种子、樟脑和丁香的手工或定制产品。 Mawa, kharra 古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、印度 手工或定制产品;本地生产并包装在玻璃纸中,其中包含小片槟榔种子(95%),与烟草片和熟石灰混合,然后将混合物揉在一起。 Naswar (niswar) 阿富汗、印度、巴基斯坦 烟草的定制形式,包括熟石灰、灰分、油,有时包括调味剂(最常见的是薄荷醇和豆蔻)和着色剂(如靛蓝)等。 Zaarda or zarda 孟加拉国、不丹、印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、
英国、也门商业生产的产品;包含烟草、石灰、香料、植物染料:在破碎的烟叶中加入石灰和香料,煮沸,将混合物干燥并用植物染料上色;有时与槟榔种子混合。 -
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