2016 Vol. 7, No. 1
2016, 7(1): 1-9.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.001
Abstract
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Abstract:
Penaeus merguiensis larva were immersion infected with Vibrio harveyi and WSSV,both single or combined,at different concentrations under different levels of salinity or different temperature to study its mortality and its load of WSSV. The P. merguiensis larva were found to have 100% mortality after immersion infected with the highest concentration of the V. harveyi at 48h,97% mortality after injected with the highest concentration of the WSSV at 96h. The acute changes of salinity decreased the pathogenicity of V. harveyi and WSSV to shrimp larva. The P. merguiensis larva was more vulnerable to infection of V. harveyi than WSSV under 32 ℃,and the WSSV resulted in more severe damage to shrimp larva at 26 ℃. Combined immersion infection group resulted in less mortality than the WSSV single immersion infection group at the salinity level of 26 and 26 ℃,which indicated that V. harveyi might inhibit the proliferation of the WSSV in the shrimps.
Penaeus merguiensis larva were immersion infected with Vibrio harveyi and WSSV,both single or combined,at different concentrations under different levels of salinity or different temperature to study its mortality and its load of WSSV. The P. merguiensis larva were found to have 100% mortality after immersion infected with the highest concentration of the V. harveyi at 48h,97% mortality after injected with the highest concentration of the WSSV at 96h. The acute changes of salinity decreased the pathogenicity of V. harveyi and WSSV to shrimp larva. The P. merguiensis larva was more vulnerable to infection of V. harveyi than WSSV under 32 ℃,and the WSSV resulted in more severe damage to shrimp larva at 26 ℃. Combined immersion infection group resulted in less mortality than the WSSV single immersion infection group at the salinity level of 26 and 26 ℃,which indicated that V. harveyi might inhibit the proliferation of the WSSV in the shrimps.
2016, 7(1): 10-16.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.002
Abstract:
Shrimps of the first generation of 3 populations of whiteleg shrimp（ Liptopenaeus vannameii） were used to determine 6 growth traits,i. e.,total length,body length,carapace length,carapace width,carapace height and body weight for analysis of the correlativity of these growth traits among the 3 populations of whiteleg shrimp by using the correlation analysis method,and the effect of the 4 morphological traits,i. e.,total length,body length,carapace length and carapace height on the quality of the shrimps was analyzed by using the path analysis method. Each population showed highly significant difference in 6 growth traits with the lowest and highest correlation the coefficient of 0.82 and 0.99,respectively. Both populations YH1 and WY1 had the highest direct effect of the total length of the shrimps on the body weight while the population SIS1 had the highest direct effect of the body length on the body weight. However,each population had similar effect of total length and body length on body weight. Both populations YH1 and SIS1 had similar determination coefficients of the 4 morphological traits on body weight,0.873 5 and 0.871 5,respectively,which were obviously higher than the determination coefficients of population WY1（ 0.760 8）.
Shrimps of the first generation of 3 populations of whiteleg shrimp（ Liptopenaeus vannameii） were used to determine 6 growth traits,i. e.,total length,body length,carapace length,carapace width,carapace height and body weight for analysis of the correlativity of these growth traits among the 3 populations of whiteleg shrimp by using the correlation analysis method,and the effect of the 4 morphological traits,i. e.,total length,body length,carapace length and carapace height on the quality of the shrimps was analyzed by using the path analysis method. Each population showed highly significant difference in 6 growth traits with the lowest and highest correlation the coefficient of 0.82 and 0.99,respectively. Both populations YH1 and WY1 had the highest direct effect of the total length of the shrimps on the body weight while the population SIS1 had the highest direct effect of the body length on the body weight. However,each population had similar effect of total length and body length on body weight. Both populations YH1 and SIS1 had similar determination coefficients of the 4 morphological traits on body weight,0.873 5 and 0.871 5,respectively,which were obviously higher than the determination coefficients of population WY1（ 0.760 8）.
2016, 7(1): 17-22.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.003
Abstract:
The mitochondrial ultrastructures in the tissues of muscle and gill of two varieties Zhengda and A6410 of the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under hypoxia were observed by transmission electron microscopy（ TEM） for comparison. Observations showed that the two shrimp varieties of L. vannamei had homogeneous mitochondrial ultrastructures in the tissues of muscle and gill with smooth and intact inner and outer membranes and slender and homogeneously distributed inner cristae. However,placed under hypoxia for 12 h,the Zhengda shrimps did not show homogeneous mitochondrial ultrastructures in the muscle tissue; their mitochondrial membranes were distorted and enlarged; the number of cristae and the matrix volume were obviously decreased; the structure was not intact,with loose muscle fibers and fractured dissolved myofilaments. The mitochondria in the muscle of A6410 were slightly swelled,the outer and inner membranes had partial lesions,the inner cristae dissolved,and parts of myofilaments loosened and fractured. The outer membranes of mitochondria in the gill of the Zhengda shrimps were distorted,and the inner cristae were blurred and arranged in disorder,giving medullary deformation and serious cavitation. The mitochondrial cristae and the matrix in the gill of A6410 were partially reduced,showing slight cavitation. The high hypoxia tolerance variety A6410 showed obviously less mitochondrial damages in the tissues of muscle and gill than the variety Zhengda. It is concluded that different tissues of both the shrimp varieties displayed different levels of sensitivity to hypoxia,and that hypoxia tolerance was closely correlated with mitochondrial ultrastructure.
The mitochondrial ultrastructures in the tissues of muscle and gill of two varieties Zhengda and A6410 of the white-leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under hypoxia were observed by transmission electron microscopy（ TEM） for comparison. Observations showed that the two shrimp varieties of L. vannamei had homogeneous mitochondrial ultrastructures in the tissues of muscle and gill with smooth and intact inner and outer membranes and slender and homogeneously distributed inner cristae. However,placed under hypoxia for 12 h,the Zhengda shrimps did not show homogeneous mitochondrial ultrastructures in the muscle tissue; their mitochondrial membranes were distorted and enlarged; the number of cristae and the matrix volume were obviously decreased; the structure was not intact,with loose muscle fibers and fractured dissolved myofilaments. The mitochondria in the muscle of A6410 were slightly swelled,the outer and inner membranes had partial lesions,the inner cristae dissolved,and parts of myofilaments loosened and fractured. The outer membranes of mitochondria in the gill of the Zhengda shrimps were distorted,and the inner cristae were blurred and arranged in disorder,giving medullary deformation and serious cavitation. The mitochondrial cristae and the matrix in the gill of A6410 were partially reduced,showing slight cavitation. The high hypoxia tolerance variety A6410 showed obviously less mitochondrial damages in the tissues of muscle and gill than the variety Zhengda. It is concluded that different tissues of both the shrimp varieties displayed different levels of sensitivity to hypoxia,and that hypoxia tolerance was closely correlated with mitochondrial ultrastructure.
2016, 7(1): 23-29.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.004
Abstract:
The zooplankton is an important part of ecosystem,including larvae of marine medicinal creatures. It is thus of theoretic and economic values to investigate the diversity of zooplankton in the waters of Dongzhai Harbor,Hainan,China. In June and December 2010,zooplankton in 25 sites of Dongzhai Harbor were sampled to analyze their changes in community structure and diversity. The investigation found 82 species of zooplankton,which belonged to six Phyla and 14 genera,of which Arthropoda was the main population（ 45 species）. The zooplankton species had a significantly greater number in December than in June,and the common dominant species were Canthocalanus pauper and Calanopia thompsonis in the two seasons. In June and December,the average biomass and average abundance were 97. 2 mg·m-3and 131 ind·L-1,131. 4 mg·m-3and 99 ind·L-1,respectively,and the spatial distribution of total biomass depended on dominant species. Two zones of high abundance were formed in each of the two seasons,but the total biomass of zooplankton had significant seasonal difference. The indexes of diversity and evenness were higher in winter（ 3. 129 and 0. 523） than in summer（ 2. 496 and 0. 449）,and the distribution pattern and density of zooplankton were obviously different in the two seasons. This indicates that temperature,salinity and the mangrove habitat be the main factors affecting the distribution of zooplankton in Dongzhai Harbor.
The zooplankton is an important part of ecosystem,including larvae of marine medicinal creatures. It is thus of theoretic and economic values to investigate the diversity of zooplankton in the waters of Dongzhai Harbor,Hainan,China. In June and December 2010,zooplankton in 25 sites of Dongzhai Harbor were sampled to analyze their changes in community structure and diversity. The investigation found 82 species of zooplankton,which belonged to six Phyla and 14 genera,of which Arthropoda was the main population（ 45 species）. The zooplankton species had a significantly greater number in December than in June,and the common dominant species were Canthocalanus pauper and Calanopia thompsonis in the two seasons. In June and December,the average biomass and average abundance were 97. 2 mg·m-3and 131 ind·L-1,131. 4 mg·m-3and 99 ind·L-1,respectively,and the spatial distribution of total biomass depended on dominant species. Two zones of high abundance were formed in each of the two seasons,but the total biomass of zooplankton had significant seasonal difference. The indexes of diversity and evenness were higher in winter（ 3. 129 and 0. 523） than in summer（ 2. 496 and 0. 449）,and the distribution pattern and density of zooplankton were obviously different in the two seasons. This indicates that temperature,salinity and the mangrove habitat be the main factors affecting the distribution of zooplankton in Dongzhai Harbor.
2016, 7(1): 30-35.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.005
Abstract:
Sea water and Betaphycus gelatinum were collected in algae fields of Changjiang,Qionghai and Wenchang,Hainan to determine the inorganic N,P content in both sea water and B. gelatinum. The correlationship of N and P content between the sea water and B. gelatinum was analyzed by using SPSS19 statistical software.The results showed that the seawater N and P contents in the algae fields were positively correlated with the N and P content of B. gelatinum,with the regression equation being y = 0. 053 3x- 0. 003,R2= 0. 922 5,P ＜ 0. 05 for N content and y = 2. 966 3x + 0. 022 9,R2= 0. 846 2,P ＜ 0. 05 for P content. B. gelatinum was then cultured under laboratory conditions in sea water at different concentrations of inorganic N and P( 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40 μmol·L-1 to observe its absorption of inorganic N and P. The results show that B. gelatinum absorbed more inorganic N with the increase of seawater N concentration but the absorption decreased gradually when the seawater N concentration was higher than 40 μmol·L-1. B. gelatinum increased its absorption of inorganic P with the seawater P concentration,but the increase tended to be gentle when the seawater concentration was upto 1. 5 μmol·L-1. B. gelatinum absorbed inorganic N from seawater selectively,preferentially NH4-N,followed by NO3-N and NO2-N from the seawater of the same N concentration. Determination of the N and P content in B. gelatinum also showed that B. gelatinum could remove 15. 33 ton of N and 73. 33 ton of P per 1000 ton of algae from sea water in the algae fields.
Sea water and Betaphycus gelatinum were collected in algae fields of Changjiang,Qionghai and Wenchang,Hainan to determine the inorganic N,P content in both sea water and B. gelatinum. The correlationship of N and P content between the sea water and B. gelatinum was analyzed by using SPSS19 statistical software.The results showed that the seawater N and P contents in the algae fields were positively correlated with the N and P content of B. gelatinum,with the regression equation being y = 0. 053 3x- 0. 003,R2= 0. 922 5,P ＜ 0. 05 for N content and y = 2. 966 3x + 0. 022 9,R2= 0. 846 2,P ＜ 0. 05 for P content. B. gelatinum was then cultured under laboratory conditions in sea water at different concentrations of inorganic N and P( 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40 μmol·L-1 to observe its absorption of inorganic N and P. The results show that B. gelatinum absorbed more inorganic N with the increase of seawater N concentration but the absorption decreased gradually when the seawater N concentration was higher than 40 μmol·L-1. B. gelatinum increased its absorption of inorganic P with the seawater P concentration,but the increase tended to be gentle when the seawater concentration was upto 1. 5 μmol·L-1. B. gelatinum absorbed inorganic N from seawater selectively,preferentially NH4-N,followed by NO3-N and NO2-N from the seawater of the same N concentration. Determination of the N and P content in B. gelatinum also showed that B. gelatinum could remove 15. 33 ton of N and 73. 33 ton of P per 1000 ton of algae from sea water in the algae fields.
2016, 7(1): 36-42.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.006
Abstract:
Seedlings of Baodao banana（ Musa acuminata L. AAA cavendish. cv. ‘Formosana’） were treated with different concentrations of seawater at different time to study the response of their plasma membrane and osmolytes to the seawater. After treated with different concentrations of seawater,Baodao banana seedlings were higher in content of proline,soluble sugar,soluble protein and MDA and higher in plasma membrane permeability under the 5% seawater treatment but significantly higher under the 10% and 20% seawater treatment than the control. At day 12 after treatment the proline content was not significantly increased under 5% seawater stress,but the 20% seawater treatment inhibited root protein synthesis due to high seawater concentration. At day 3,the leaves and roots of the seedlings under 10% seawater treatment showed significantly higher soluble sugar content（ 130% and 50% higher） than those of the control,respectively. The 20% seawater treatment caused significant damage to the plasma membrane of leaf and root,and the leaf membrane damage was reversible but root damage was irreversible. Therefore,seawater had significantly higher effect on the roots than the leaves. Low concentration（ 5%） of seawater can improve the salt tolerance of the Baodao banana seedlings to some extents,whereas high concentration（ 10% and 20%） of seawater caused salt damage to the Baodao banana seedlings. The results showed that Baodao banana can adapt to a given concentration of seawater environment by their osmotic adjustment mechanism.
Seedlings of Baodao banana（ Musa acuminata L. AAA cavendish. cv. ‘Formosana’） were treated with different concentrations of seawater at different time to study the response of their plasma membrane and osmolytes to the seawater. After treated with different concentrations of seawater,Baodao banana seedlings were higher in content of proline,soluble sugar,soluble protein and MDA and higher in plasma membrane permeability under the 5% seawater treatment but significantly higher under the 10% and 20% seawater treatment than the control. At day 12 after treatment the proline content was not significantly increased under 5% seawater stress,but the 20% seawater treatment inhibited root protein synthesis due to high seawater concentration. At day 3,the leaves and roots of the seedlings under 10% seawater treatment showed significantly higher soluble sugar content（ 130% and 50% higher） than those of the control,respectively. The 20% seawater treatment caused significant damage to the plasma membrane of leaf and root,and the leaf membrane damage was reversible but root damage was irreversible. Therefore,seawater had significantly higher effect on the roots than the leaves. Low concentration（ 5%） of seawater can improve the salt tolerance of the Baodao banana seedlings to some extents,whereas high concentration（ 10% and 20%） of seawater caused salt damage to the Baodao banana seedlings. The results showed that Baodao banana can adapt to a given concentration of seawater environment by their osmotic adjustment mechanism.
2016, 7(1): 43-47.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.007
Abstract:
Mariculture waste water effluent was treated with Caulerpa sertularioides at the densities of 20 mg·L-1,60 mg·L-1and 120 mg·L-1,three replications each treatment,with a blank as the control to observe the change of the concentrations of NH4+-N,NO2--N and NO3--N in the mariculture effluent. The results showed that all the treatments had better purification effect than the control. After 8 days of treatment C. sertularioides removed NH4+-N and NO3-N from the effluent by 99. 91% and 25. 80%,respectively,at the density of 20 mg·L-1,by 99. 96% and 25. 39%,separately,at the density of 60 mg·L-1,and by 99. 94% and 64. 15%,separately,at the density of 120 mg·L-1. For all the three treatments the concentration of NO2--N was hardly changed in the effluent. Moreover,the NH4+-N removal speed by C. sertularioides from the effluent was observed significantly different among the treatments.
Mariculture waste water effluent was treated with Caulerpa sertularioides at the densities of 20 mg·L-1,60 mg·L-1and 120 mg·L-1,three replications each treatment,with a blank as the control to observe the change of the concentrations of NH4+-N,NO2--N and NO3--N in the mariculture effluent. The results showed that all the treatments had better purification effect than the control. After 8 days of treatment C. sertularioides removed NH4+-N and NO3-N from the effluent by 99. 91% and 25. 80%,respectively,at the density of 20 mg·L-1,by 99. 96% and 25. 39%,separately,at the density of 60 mg·L-1,and by 99. 94% and 64. 15%,separately,at the density of 120 mg·L-1. For all the three treatments the concentration of NO2--N was hardly changed in the effluent. Moreover,the NH4+-N removal speed by C. sertularioides from the effluent was observed significantly different among the treatments.
2016, 7(1): 48-52.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.008
Abstract:
Cutting,a vegetative propagation method,has been widely used in propagation of economic crops,since it has numerous advantages,such as higher propagation rate,shorter growth cycle,stable genetic traits,lower cost,earlier flowering,etc. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of four plant growth regulators（ ABT1,IBA,GGR and IAA） at four different concentrations( 50,100,200 and 500 mg·L-1) with three different dipping time（ 0. 5,1 and 2 h） on the rooting of one-year-old semi-wooden cutting of Plukenetia volubilis. The results showed that the most effective treatments for rooting were IBA 100 mg · L-1（ dipping for 1hour）,ABT1 100 mg·L-1（ dipping for 0. 5 hour） and IBA 50 mg·L-1（ dipping for 1 hour）,under which the rooting rates of the cuttings were 66. 67 %,63. 33 % and 60. 00 %,respectively,significantly higher than those of the control and the other treatment. As for survival rate,the most effect effective treatments were IBA 50mg·L-1（ dipping for 1 hour）,IBA 100 mg·L-1（ dipping for 1 hour） and ABT1 50 mg·L-1（ dipping for 0. 5hour）,under which the cutting survival rates were 70. 00%,66. 67% and 66. 67%,respectively. Taking into consideration the rooting rate,survival rate and growth condition after transplanting,dipping the cutting in 100mg·L-1IBA for 1 hour could be the most suitable treatment for the rooting of P. volubilis cutting.
Cutting,a vegetative propagation method,has been widely used in propagation of economic crops,since it has numerous advantages,such as higher propagation rate,shorter growth cycle,stable genetic traits,lower cost,earlier flowering,etc. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of four plant growth regulators（ ABT1,IBA,GGR and IAA） at four different concentrations( 50,100,200 and 500 mg·L-1) with three different dipping time（ 0. 5,1 and 2 h） on the rooting of one-year-old semi-wooden cutting of Plukenetia volubilis. The results showed that the most effective treatments for rooting were IBA 100 mg · L-1（ dipping for 1hour）,ABT1 100 mg·L-1（ dipping for 0. 5 hour） and IBA 50 mg·L-1（ dipping for 1 hour）,under which the rooting rates of the cuttings were 66. 67 %,63. 33 % and 60. 00 %,respectively,significantly higher than those of the control and the other treatment. As for survival rate,the most effect effective treatments were IBA 50mg·L-1（ dipping for 1 hour）,IBA 100 mg·L-1（ dipping for 1 hour） and ABT1 50 mg·L-1（ dipping for 0. 5hour）,under which the cutting survival rates were 70. 00%,66. 67% and 66. 67%,respectively. Taking into consideration the rooting rate,survival rate and growth condition after transplanting,dipping the cutting in 100mg·L-1IBA for 1 hour could be the most suitable treatment for the rooting of P. volubilis cutting.
2016, 7(1): 53-57.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.009
Abstract:
In order to study the relationship between the changes in the contents of K and Ca and Mg in pericarp and the pericarp’s coloring of Sanyuehong litich（ Litchi chinensis Sonn. ‘Sanyuehong’）,a study based on the pericarp of Sanyuehong litich had finished. The results in the course of the development of the pericarp’s reddening were the following. The contents of chlorophyll and the values of h decreased significantly,while the contents of anthocyanin and the values of a increased significantly. The contents of the total K and the water-soluble K decreased generally. The contents of the total Ca and the water-soluble Mg rose generally. The content of the total Mg rose generally before 16th April. The content of the water-soluble Ca changed insignificantly all the time. The exponential regression equations of the content of anthocyanin to the contents of the total K,the total Ca,the water-soluble K and the water-soluble Mg were all significant,and the exponential correlations were respectively negative,positive,negative and positive.
In order to study the relationship between the changes in the contents of K and Ca and Mg in pericarp and the pericarp’s coloring of Sanyuehong litich（ Litchi chinensis Sonn. ‘Sanyuehong’）,a study based on the pericarp of Sanyuehong litich had finished. The results in the course of the development of the pericarp’s reddening were the following. The contents of chlorophyll and the values of h decreased significantly,while the contents of anthocyanin and the values of a increased significantly. The contents of the total K and the water-soluble K decreased generally. The contents of the total Ca and the water-soluble Mg rose generally. The content of the total Mg rose generally before 16th April. The content of the water-soluble Ca changed insignificantly all the time. The exponential regression equations of the content of anthocyanin to the contents of the total K,the total Ca,the water-soluble K and the water-soluble Mg were all significant,and the exponential correlations were respectively negative,positive,negative and positive.
2016, 7(1): 58-63.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.010
Abstract:
The whole cassava flour and cassava flour were made from tuberous roots of cassava SC9（ Manihot esculenta Crantz. ‘South China 9’） and 10 major parameters of their processing characteristics were compared to analyze their difference. The results showed that the oil absorption and relative viscosity were 1. 76 times and 14. 30 times respectively higher in the cassava flour（ CF） than in the whole cassava flour（ WCF）,leading to a highly significant difference,but other processing characteristics parameters were not significantly different between the CF and WCF. The principal component analysis indicated that the relative viscosity and the freeze /thaw stability had a respective cumulative contribution rate of 100. 00% and 95. 05% in the first principal component,suggesting that these two parameters be the main factors affecting processing characteristics of WCF and CF. Meanwhile,further correlation analysis also showed all the 10 parameters were differently correlated with the processing characteristics of CF and WCF and that the relative viscosity,freeze / thaw stability,starch content,water absorption and oil absorption were the first 5 major parameters.
The whole cassava flour and cassava flour were made from tuberous roots of cassava SC9（ Manihot esculenta Crantz. ‘South China 9’） and 10 major parameters of their processing characteristics were compared to analyze their difference. The results showed that the oil absorption and relative viscosity were 1. 76 times and 14. 30 times respectively higher in the cassava flour（ CF） than in the whole cassava flour（ WCF）,leading to a highly significant difference,but other processing characteristics parameters were not significantly different between the CF and WCF. The principal component analysis indicated that the relative viscosity and the freeze /thaw stability had a respective cumulative contribution rate of 100. 00% and 95. 05% in the first principal component,suggesting that these two parameters be the main factors affecting processing characteristics of WCF and CF. Meanwhile,further correlation analysis also showed all the 10 parameters were differently correlated with the processing characteristics of CF and WCF and that the relative viscosity,freeze / thaw stability,starch content,water absorption and oil absorption were the first 5 major parameters.
2016, 7(1): 64-69.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.011
Abstract:
Cut leaves of Asparagus cochinchinensis were selected as experimental materials and treated with different concentrations of gibberellins as variables,and 150 mg·L-1 8-HQ and 0. 25% sucrose as quantitative to observe their vase life. The treatment with 75mg·L-1 gibberellins gave the highest impact on the cut leaves of A. cochinchinensis,the vase life of which was prolonged by 3. 89 days. This treatment inhibited the accumulation of MDA,improved the activities of SOD and CAT,delayed the reduction of chlorophyll,and maintained the relative stability of membrane structure of the leaves.
Cut leaves of Asparagus cochinchinensis were selected as experimental materials and treated with different concentrations of gibberellins as variables,and 150 mg·L-1 8-HQ and 0. 25% sucrose as quantitative to observe their vase life. The treatment with 75mg·L-1 gibberellins gave the highest impact on the cut leaves of A. cochinchinensis,the vase life of which was prolonged by 3. 89 days. This treatment inhibited the accumulation of MDA,improved the activities of SOD and CAT,delayed the reduction of chlorophyll,and maintained the relative stability of membrane structure of the leaves.
2016, 7(1): 70-75.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.012
Abstract:
The physiological and biochemical changes in perianths（ petals and sepals） of Oncidium cut flowers at different opening stages were observed. The observatons showed that the cell membrane permeability of petals increased slowly at the early stages of flower development,increased rapidly from pre-blooming stage to blooming stage and increased again after the initial stage of senescence. The malondialdehyde（ MDA） contents of petals and sepals fluctuated at the early stages of flower development,but after the initial stage of senescence,the MDA content increased dramatically in the petals but declined obviously in the sepals. The petals and sepals showed similar change of soluble sugar content,which increased slowly at the early stages of flower development and decreased slowly from the pre-blooming stage to the blooming stage. The soluble protein decreased generally in the petals but rose continuously in the sepals. Amino acid contents in the petals and sepals were gradually declined from the blooming stage to the senescing stage,and their proline contents also decreased after the blooming stage.
The physiological and biochemical changes in perianths（ petals and sepals） of Oncidium cut flowers at different opening stages were observed. The observatons showed that the cell membrane permeability of petals increased slowly at the early stages of flower development,increased rapidly from pre-blooming stage to blooming stage and increased again after the initial stage of senescence. The malondialdehyde（ MDA） contents of petals and sepals fluctuated at the early stages of flower development,but after the initial stage of senescence,the MDA content increased dramatically in the petals but declined obviously in the sepals. The petals and sepals showed similar change of soluble sugar content,which increased slowly at the early stages of flower development and decreased slowly from the pre-blooming stage to the blooming stage. The soluble protein decreased generally in the petals but rose continuously in the sepals. Amino acid contents in the petals and sepals were gradually declined from the blooming stage to the senescing stage,and their proline contents also decreased after the blooming stage.
2016, 7(1): 76-81.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.013
Abstract:
Nitrogen is a necessary macro-element for plant growth and development,and is also a key factor limiting plant yield. High affinity nitrate transporter NRT2 is an important protein involved in nitrate nitrogen assimilation. In this study,banana was selected as experimental material,from which a differentially expressed NRT2 gene was identified by Illumina RNA-Seq. The whole c DNA sequence was obtained via PCR. Through bioinformatics,it was predicted that its length was 1 509 bp which encoded 503 amino acids,contained a MFS domain and belonged to NRT2 gene family named as MaNRT2. The results of RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR showed that MaNRT2 was significantly tissue specific,with its expression being higher in root than in leaf. After the banana was treated with low nitrogen stress,the MaNRT2 expression level rose up in leaf but declined in root. This indicated that MaNRT2 gene had close relationship to nitrogen absorption and transport in banana.
Nitrogen is a necessary macro-element for plant growth and development,and is also a key factor limiting plant yield. High affinity nitrate transporter NRT2 is an important protein involved in nitrate nitrogen assimilation. In this study,banana was selected as experimental material,from which a differentially expressed NRT2 gene was identified by Illumina RNA-Seq. The whole c DNA sequence was obtained via PCR. Through bioinformatics,it was predicted that its length was 1 509 bp which encoded 503 amino acids,contained a MFS domain and belonged to NRT2 gene family named as MaNRT2. The results of RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR showed that MaNRT2 was significantly tissue specific,with its expression being higher in root than in leaf. After the banana was treated with low nitrogen stress,the MaNRT2 expression level rose up in leaf but declined in root. This indicated that MaNRT2 gene had close relationship to nitrogen absorption and transport in banana.
2016, 7(1): 82-88.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.014
Abstract:
Total RNA was extracted from pokeweed leaves in spring at Wuzhi Mountain in Hainan,and c DNA was obtained using RT-PCR technology. After the gene PAP-Ⅰ was amplified according to the primers which were designed based on the sequence published on the Genbank. The PAP-Ⅰ gene was connected to the vector pET-30a for expression. The product was in the form of insoluble inclusion body. This product was denatured and purified through nickel column chromatography. The purified recombinant protein was verified by Western Blot,which indicated that the gene was expressed correctly. The recombinant protein PAP-Ⅰ was proved to have the activity to inhibit the protein synthesis through wheat germ extract transcription / translation coupling system.
Total RNA was extracted from pokeweed leaves in spring at Wuzhi Mountain in Hainan,and c DNA was obtained using RT-PCR technology. After the gene PAP-Ⅰ was amplified according to the primers which were designed based on the sequence published on the Genbank. The PAP-Ⅰ gene was connected to the vector pET-30a for expression. The product was in the form of insoluble inclusion body. This product was denatured and purified through nickel column chromatography. The purified recombinant protein was verified by Western Blot,which indicated that the gene was expressed correctly. The recombinant protein PAP-Ⅰ was proved to have the activity to inhibit the protein synthesis through wheat germ extract transcription / translation coupling system.
2016, 7(1): 89-91.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.015
Abstract:
The patchouli alcohol synthase（ PTS） gene was extracted by using real- time PCR technology from the leaves of patchouli（ Pogostemon cablin） at eight time points in a day to study its expression change,The results showed that the expression of PTS gene was low at 6:00 am,9:00 am,12:00 pm and 15:00 pm,but increased much more at 18:00 pm,21:00 pm,0:00 am and 3:00 am. PTS gene transcription started to accumulate at night until it reached a peak before dawn,after which the level of transcription was gradually decreased.
The patchouli alcohol synthase（ PTS） gene was extracted by using real- time PCR technology from the leaves of patchouli（ Pogostemon cablin） at eight time points in a day to study its expression change,The results showed that the expression of PTS gene was low at 6:00 am,9:00 am,12:00 pm and 15:00 pm,but increased much more at 18:00 pm,21:00 pm,0:00 am and 3:00 am. PTS gene transcription started to accumulate at night until it reached a peak before dawn,after which the level of transcription was gradually decreased.
2016, 7(1): 92-98.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.016
Abstract:
Eight compounds were isolated from the leaves of Mineriao stylosanthes（Stylosanthes guianensis‘Mineriao’） and purified by various column chromatographies on silica and sephadex LH-20 gel. Spectral analysis of NMR and MS showed that these compounds were identified based on their structures as salicylic acid（1）,medicarpin（2）,aglycone of crotonionoside F（3）,schensiand A（4）,pinoresinol（5）,3’-methoxycoumestrol（6）,stigmast-5-ene-3β,7α-diol（7） and glycerol monolinoleate（8）. Antibacterial activity assay by using the filter paper agar diffusion method showed that compound（1） had inhibitory effect on Collectotrichum gloeosporioides（Pent.） Sacc,F. oxysporum f. sp. Cuben,F. oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum and Verticillium dahlia Kleb,compound（2） on C. gloeosporioides（Pent.） Sacc and V. dahlia Kleb,and compound（8） on C. gloeosporioides（Pent.） Sacc.
Eight compounds were isolated from the leaves of Mineriao stylosanthes（Stylosanthes guianensis‘Mineriao’） and purified by various column chromatographies on silica and sephadex LH-20 gel. Spectral analysis of NMR and MS showed that these compounds were identified based on their structures as salicylic acid（1）,medicarpin（2）,aglycone of crotonionoside F（3）,schensiand A（4）,pinoresinol（5）,3’-methoxycoumestrol（6）,stigmast-5-ene-3β,7α-diol（7） and glycerol monolinoleate（8）. Antibacterial activity assay by using the filter paper agar diffusion method showed that compound（1） had inhibitory effect on Collectotrichum gloeosporioides（Pent.） Sacc,F. oxysporum f. sp. Cuben,F. oxysporum f. sp. Vasinfectum and Verticillium dahlia Kleb,compound（2） on C. gloeosporioides（Pent.） Sacc and V. dahlia Kleb,and compound（8） on C. gloeosporioides（Pent.） Sacc.
2016, 7(1): 99-103.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.017
Abstract:
The Ecotect software was applied to simulate the environmental parameters of greenhouse model,comparing the simulation result with the field experimental data on light,temperature and sunshade with shadow to explore the feasibility to adopt Ecotect software for greenhouse design. Results showed there is no significant difference between the experimental and the simulation cases. Hence,the Ecotect software could be an aided design tool for greenhouse optimization.
The Ecotect software was applied to simulate the environmental parameters of greenhouse model,comparing the simulation result with the field experimental data on light,temperature and sunshade with shadow to explore the feasibility to adopt Ecotect software for greenhouse design. Results showed there is no significant difference between the experimental and the simulation cases. Hence,the Ecotect software could be an aided design tool for greenhouse optimization.
2016, 7(1): 104-110.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.018
Abstract:
Three bark-agarwood samples were collected from Lingao,Qionghai and Wenchang,Hainan Province to determine their characteristics of volatile constituents. The volatile constituents and relative contents of three bark-agarwood samples were analyzed by GC-MS. From the samples 42 chromatographic peaks were detected,of which 12 peaks were shared by the three samples. The ether extract of bark-agarwood in Wenchang city yielded higher relative content of sesquiterpenes than those in the other two locations,while the major constituents of ether extracts from the bark-agarwood samples in Lingao and Qionghai counties were 2-（2-phenylethyl） chromones,and the sum of the relative content of 2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone and 2-[2-（4-methoxylphenylethyl） ]chromone fell in the range of ether extract of agarwood Borneo kynam.
Three bark-agarwood samples were collected from Lingao,Qionghai and Wenchang,Hainan Province to determine their characteristics of volatile constituents. The volatile constituents and relative contents of three bark-agarwood samples were analyzed by GC-MS. From the samples 42 chromatographic peaks were detected,of which 12 peaks were shared by the three samples. The ether extract of bark-agarwood in Wenchang city yielded higher relative content of sesquiterpenes than those in the other two locations,while the major constituents of ether extracts from the bark-agarwood samples in Lingao and Qionghai counties were 2-（2-phenylethyl） chromones,and the sum of the relative content of 2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone and 2-[2-（4-methoxylphenylethyl） ]chromone fell in the range of ether extract of agarwood Borneo kynam.
2016, 7(1): 111-116.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.019
Abstract:
Agarwood of Aquilaria crassna was extracted to analyze its chemical constituents,and 10 compounds were isolated from Et OAc fraction of the agarwood by column chromatography over silica gel,and Sephadex LH-20. Spectral analysis showed that the compounds were identified as 2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone（1）,6-methoxy-2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone（2）,2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（3）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（4）,6,7-dimethoxy-2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone（5）,5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（6）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（7）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（8）,6-hydroxy-2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl）ethyl] chromone（9）,and 6-hydroxy-2-[2-（3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（10）. Compounds2-10 were isolated from the agarwood of Aquilaria crassna for the first time,and compounds 4,5,7 and 8showed inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase.
Agarwood of Aquilaria crassna was extracted to analyze its chemical constituents,and 10 compounds were isolated from Et OAc fraction of the agarwood by column chromatography over silica gel,and Sephadex LH-20. Spectral analysis showed that the compounds were identified as 2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone（1）,6-methoxy-2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone（2）,2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（3）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（4）,6,7-dimethoxy-2-（2-phenylethyl） chromone（5）,5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（6）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（7）,6-methoxy-2-[2-（3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（8）,6-hydroxy-2-[2-（4-methoxyphenyl）ethyl] chromone（9）,and 6-hydroxy-2-[2-（3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl） ethyl]chromone（10）. Compounds2-10 were isolated from the agarwood of Aquilaria crassna for the first time,and compounds 4,5,7 and 8showed inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase.
2016, 7(1): 117-123.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.020
Abstract:
Fruit pulp of papaya（ Carica papaya L.） was used as raw material to prepare papaya powder by using the method of microwave-assisted foam mat drying. The papaya pulp was whipped into foam mat with foaming agent for microwave drying. The foaming agents,glycerol monostearate（ GSM） and soy protein isolate（ SPI）were added into the pulp at different concentrations to select an optimum formulation of foaming agent,and the pulp foam mat was dried under microwave to optimize parameters for the microwave foam mat drying technology.The papaya fruit pulp produced maximum foam expansion with good foam stability when it was whipped into foam mat with 6. 83% GMS and 4% SPI. The optimal conditions for microwave foam mat drying of papaya pulp were microwave power 578 W,pulp foam thickness 4. 90 mm,and drying time 6. 65 min.
Fruit pulp of papaya（ Carica papaya L.） was used as raw material to prepare papaya powder by using the method of microwave-assisted foam mat drying. The papaya pulp was whipped into foam mat with foaming agent for microwave drying. The foaming agents,glycerol monostearate（ GSM） and soy protein isolate（ SPI）were added into the pulp at different concentrations to select an optimum formulation of foaming agent,and the pulp foam mat was dried under microwave to optimize parameters for the microwave foam mat drying technology.The papaya fruit pulp produced maximum foam expansion with good foam stability when it was whipped into foam mat with 6. 83% GMS and 4% SPI. The optimal conditions for microwave foam mat drying of papaya pulp were microwave power 578 W,pulp foam thickness 4. 90 mm,and drying time 6. 65 min.
2016, 7(1): 124-127.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.021
Abstract:
The filter paper pack method is generally used to prepare SEM sample for observation of bacteria and other mono-cell creatures,and it saves time and samples as compared to the traditional method,However,with this method some samples can’t be distinguished by naked eye in the filter paper after freeze drying. Moreover,the electron micrograph obtained by this method has interference of filter paper background,and it is thus difficult to observe the subtle structure of bacteria on the micrograph. In this context,the filter paper pack was improved by adding a layer of tinfoil onto the filter paper pack as lining,and the samples were dropped on the tinfoil before ethanol dehydration operations. With the improved method the distribution of sample on the foil can be easily distinguished by naked eye without interference of filter paper background,and the subtle structure of bacteria surface can be clearly observed.
The filter paper pack method is generally used to prepare SEM sample for observation of bacteria and other mono-cell creatures,and it saves time and samples as compared to the traditional method,However,with this method some samples can’t be distinguished by naked eye in the filter paper after freeze drying. Moreover,the electron micrograph obtained by this method has interference of filter paper background,and it is thus difficult to observe the subtle structure of bacteria on the micrograph. In this context,the filter paper pack was improved by adding a layer of tinfoil onto the filter paper pack as lining,and the samples were dropped on the tinfoil before ethanol dehydration operations. With the improved method the distribution of sample on the foil can be easily distinguished by naked eye without interference of filter paper background,and the subtle structure of bacteria surface can be clearly observed.
2016, 7(1): 128-131.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.022
Abstract:
The fruiting bodies of genus Ganoderma are their officinal organs,which have been widely used in China for over 2,000 years. Two Ganoderma species,G. lucidum and G. sinense,are listed in Chinese pharmacopoeia,but not included in the Medicinal and Edible Sources Directory. The safety of genus Ganoderma is the key issue to be recorded in the Medicinal and Edible Sources Directory. This paper reviews the safety assessment research of Ganoderma including acute toxicity,long-term toxicity,genetic toxicity,and the toxicology of chemical compositions from Ganoderma,which may provide references for its entry into the Medicinal and Edible Sources Directory.
The fruiting bodies of genus Ganoderma are their officinal organs,which have been widely used in China for over 2,000 years. Two Ganoderma species,G. lucidum and G. sinense,are listed in Chinese pharmacopoeia,but not included in the Medicinal and Edible Sources Directory. The safety of genus Ganoderma is the key issue to be recorded in the Medicinal and Edible Sources Directory. This paper reviews the safety assessment research of Ganoderma including acute toxicity,long-term toxicity,genetic toxicity,and the toxicology of chemical compositions from Ganoderma,which may provide references for its entry into the Medicinal and Edible Sources Directory.
2016, 7(1): 132-138.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.023
Abstract:
The concept of Eco-revelatory design and its relevant theories were analyzed to reveal that Eco-revelatory design is a landscape design to display and explain the phenomenon,formation process and relationship of the ecology,and is one of the important strategies of ecological design. Shanghai Houtan Park and Portland Rain Garden were taken as examples to explain the availability,strategy and methods of the Eco-revelatory design in response to the real problems of design such as stormwater. It is advocated that not only the ecology but also the ecological process should be considered in landscape design.
The concept of Eco-revelatory design and its relevant theories were analyzed to reveal that Eco-revelatory design is a landscape design to display and explain the phenomenon,formation process and relationship of the ecology,and is one of the important strategies of ecological design. Shanghai Houtan Park and Portland Rain Garden were taken as examples to explain the availability,strategy and methods of the Eco-revelatory design in response to the real problems of design such as stormwater. It is advocated that not only the ecology but also the ecological process should be considered in landscape design.
2016, 7(1): 139-146.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2016.01.024
Abstract:
Brassinosteroids（ BRs） are the sixth plant endogenous hormone,and their role in regulating plant growth and development has aroused great concern over the world. This hormone has an extremely low concentration in plant tissue,especially in fruits where the matrix is highly complicated,and it is quite difficult to extract efficiently and analyze precisely. Recent methods for extraction and analysis of plant BRs were reviewed,and their advantages and disadvantages compared. This review might provide useful information for analysis of brassinosteroids in fruits.
Brassinosteroids（ BRs） are the sixth plant endogenous hormone,and their role in regulating plant growth and development has aroused great concern over the world. This hormone has an extremely low concentration in plant tissue,especially in fruits where the matrix is highly complicated,and it is quite difficult to extract efficiently and analyze precisely. Recent methods for extraction and analysis of plant BRs were reviewed,and their advantages and disadvantages compared. This review might provide useful information for analysis of brassinosteroids in fruits.
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