2018 Vol. 9, No. 1
2018, 9(1): 1-11.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.001
Abstract
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Abstract:
Based on the data of Noctiluca scintillans bloom happened in the Guanghai Bay and Zhenhai Bay of the Pearl River Estuary in April 2016,the water quality and the change of the community composition of phytoplankton in the sea area under algal bloom were analyzed by using water quality evaluation,hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis in order to establish a correlation between the patch distribution of N.scintillans bloom and the aquatic environmental factors.The results showed that the sea area under investigation was eutrophicated according to the trophic status index,and was slightly or moderately polluted based on the toxic substances of the sea water evaluated by the organic contamination index,the toxic pollution index and the comprehensive pollution index.The abundance of N.scintillans varied from 0 to 29 443.7 ind·L-1 among the sampling stations,which indicated a notable patch distribution of the algal bloom.The composition of phytoplankton community was changed during the algal bloom.The average abundance of Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta increased evidently,while that of Chlorophyta,Cryptophyta and Cyanophyta decreased significantly in the algal bloom area.Moreover,the number of average species of the alga was 18,24 and 13 in the bloom area,the transition area and the non-bloom area,respectively.The dinoflagellate species,second to N.scintillans,were Akashiwo sanguinea and Ceratium furca,while the diatoms mainly included Dactyliosolen fragilissima,Guinardia flaccida（castracane） and Eucampia zoodiacus.Cluster analysis of the water quality factors revealed that N.scintillans bloom was detected in all the sampling stations in the river estuary,harbor area and aquaculture area where N.scintillans was distributed obviously in patches.The principal component analysis of water quality factors indicated that bloom of N.scintillans induced significant changes of the contribution rate and correlation coefficient of water quality factors.According to the rotated component matrix,the first principal component indicated the huge algal growth brought about consumption of nutrient（ammonia,total nitrogen,phosphate and total phosphorus） and increase of SS and CODMn,while the second principal component indicated the selected absorption of metals.Eutrophication of the sea water was the aquatic environmental basis of N.scintillans bloom.The patch distribution of N.scintillans changed obviously the structure of the phytoplankton community and the composition of the physical and chemical factors in the sea water of partial sea area.
Based on the data of Noctiluca scintillans bloom happened in the Guanghai Bay and Zhenhai Bay of the Pearl River Estuary in April 2016,the water quality and the change of the community composition of phytoplankton in the sea area under algal bloom were analyzed by using water quality evaluation,hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis in order to establish a correlation between the patch distribution of N.scintillans bloom and the aquatic environmental factors.The results showed that the sea area under investigation was eutrophicated according to the trophic status index,and was slightly or moderately polluted based on the toxic substances of the sea water evaluated by the organic contamination index,the toxic pollution index and the comprehensive pollution index.The abundance of N.scintillans varied from 0 to 29 443.7 ind·L-1 among the sampling stations,which indicated a notable patch distribution of the algal bloom.The composition of phytoplankton community was changed during the algal bloom.The average abundance of Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta increased evidently,while that of Chlorophyta,Cryptophyta and Cyanophyta decreased significantly in the algal bloom area.Moreover,the number of average species of the alga was 18,24 and 13 in the bloom area,the transition area and the non-bloom area,respectively.The dinoflagellate species,second to N.scintillans,were Akashiwo sanguinea and Ceratium furca,while the diatoms mainly included Dactyliosolen fragilissima,Guinardia flaccida（castracane） and Eucampia zoodiacus.Cluster analysis of the water quality factors revealed that N.scintillans bloom was detected in all the sampling stations in the river estuary,harbor area and aquaculture area where N.scintillans was distributed obviously in patches.The principal component analysis of water quality factors indicated that bloom of N.scintillans induced significant changes of the contribution rate and correlation coefficient of water quality factors.According to the rotated component matrix,the first principal component indicated the huge algal growth brought about consumption of nutrient（ammonia,total nitrogen,phosphate and total phosphorus） and increase of SS and CODMn,while the second principal component indicated the selected absorption of metals.Eutrophication of the sea water was the aquatic environmental basis of N.scintillans bloom.The patch distribution of N.scintillans changed obviously the structure of the phytoplankton community and the composition of the physical and chemical factors in the sea water of partial sea area.
2018, 9(1): 12-20.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.002
Abstract:
Hevea brasiliensis is the main source of natural rubber.MYB gene family plays an important role in plant growth,development and responses under environmental stresses.Through homologous sequence alignment,five HbMYBs related genes were cloned in H.brasiliensis and termed as HbMYB15,HbMYB21,HbMYB24,HbMYB35 and HbMYB75 according to the similarity with the homologous gene in Arabidopsis.The ORF（open reading frame） lengths of these five HbMYBs are 651 bp,984 bp,999 bp,1 095 bp and 933 bp,respectively.Bioinformatics analysis showed that all the HbMYBs protein contain MYB conserved domains and belong to R2R3 type MYB transcription factor.Yeast self-activation experiments showed that the five HbMYBs proteins had transcriptional activity,indicating that the five HbMYBs genes are potential transcription factors.The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed that the five HbMYBs genes were regulated by treatment of wounding,ethylene or jasmonic acid,indicating that these genes may be involved in the plant defense response related to ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathway.
Hevea brasiliensis is the main source of natural rubber.MYB gene family plays an important role in plant growth,development and responses under environmental stresses.Through homologous sequence alignment,five HbMYBs related genes were cloned in H.brasiliensis and termed as HbMYB15,HbMYB21,HbMYB24,HbMYB35 and HbMYB75 according to the similarity with the homologous gene in Arabidopsis.The ORF（open reading frame） lengths of these five HbMYBs are 651 bp,984 bp,999 bp,1 095 bp and 933 bp,respectively.Bioinformatics analysis showed that all the HbMYBs protein contain MYB conserved domains and belong to R2R3 type MYB transcription factor.Yeast self-activation experiments showed that the five HbMYBs proteins had transcriptional activity,indicating that the five HbMYBs genes are potential transcription factors.The results of quantitative RT-PCR showed that the five HbMYBs genes were regulated by treatment of wounding,ethylene or jasmonic acid,indicating that these genes may be involved in the plant defense response related to ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathway.
2018, 9(1): 21-30.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.003
Abstract:
Mevalonate kinase（MVK） is an important enzyme in natural rubber biosynthesis pathway of rubber tree（Hevea brasiliensis）.The promoter of HbMVK gene from rubber tree was cloned by using PCR and analyzed with bioinformatics tools to observe the fine structure and function of rubber tree MVK promoter.The HbMVK promoter sequence is 1 696 bp in length,containing some elements or mortifs such as CAAT-box,TATA-box,CAT-box,LTR,GARE-motif,TCA-element,etc.Based on the element distribution,plant expression vectors were constructed with HbMVK promoter and its serious deletion fragments were fused to reportergene GUS（encoding β-glucuronidase）,which were transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana.GUS histochemical staining of T2 transgenic seedlings showed that the full-length HbMVK promoter and its -1386 bp deletion fragment weakly drove GUS expression in transgenic seedling hypocotyls.The 5’-1 221 bp and -725 bp deletion fragments of HbMVK promoter were observed to strongly drive GUS expression,and the -325 bp deletion fragment of HbMVK promoter completely lost promoter activity,suggesting that the core promoter regulatory elements were located between -325 bp and -725 bp.This study might provide an important basis for further research on the regulation of HbMVK expression.
Mevalonate kinase（MVK） is an important enzyme in natural rubber biosynthesis pathway of rubber tree（Hevea brasiliensis）.The promoter of HbMVK gene from rubber tree was cloned by using PCR and analyzed with bioinformatics tools to observe the fine structure and function of rubber tree MVK promoter.The HbMVK promoter sequence is 1 696 bp in length,containing some elements or mortifs such as CAAT-box,TATA-box,CAT-box,LTR,GARE-motif,TCA-element,etc.Based on the element distribution,plant expression vectors were constructed with HbMVK promoter and its serious deletion fragments were fused to reportergene GUS（encoding β-glucuronidase）,which were transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana.GUS histochemical staining of T2 transgenic seedlings showed that the full-length HbMVK promoter and its -1386 bp deletion fragment weakly drove GUS expression in transgenic seedling hypocotyls.The 5’-1 221 bp and -725 bp deletion fragments of HbMVK promoter were observed to strongly drive GUS expression,and the -325 bp deletion fragment of HbMVK promoter completely lost promoter activity,suggesting that the core promoter regulatory elements were located between -325 bp and -725 bp.This study might provide an important basis for further research on the regulation of HbMVK expression.
2018, 9(1): 31-36.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.004
Abstract:
The powdery mildew disease of rubber trees is caused by Oidium heveae,an obligate biotrophic pathogen on Hevea brasiliensis.It has been reported that O.heveae HN1106 triggers the hypersensitive response in a manner that depends on the EDS1 and PAD4 in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.Previous study has shown that EDS1,PAD4 and SAG101 can form a single complex to mediate disease resistance.However,it is unknown whether SAG101 is required for O.heveae triggered disease resistance in Arabidopsis.The wide type（WT） Col-0 and the mutants sag101,eds1 and pad4 of Arabidopsis were inoculated with O.heveae HN1106 to analyze the early and late disease resistance triggered by O.heveae in Arabidopsis.The results showed that the disease resistance at the early stage and late stage and defense responses triggered by O.heveae in the mutants sag101,eds1 and pad4 were significantly lower than those in the WT Col-0,and the susceptibility of the mutants to O.heveae is in the order of eds1＞pad4＞sag101.This indicates that eds1,pad4 and sag101 all contribute to the disease resistance against O.heveae,and that pad4 has a complementary function with sag101 in the resistance.
The powdery mildew disease of rubber trees is caused by Oidium heveae,an obligate biotrophic pathogen on Hevea brasiliensis.It has been reported that O.heveae HN1106 triggers the hypersensitive response in a manner that depends on the EDS1 and PAD4 in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.Previous study has shown that EDS1,PAD4 and SAG101 can form a single complex to mediate disease resistance.However,it is unknown whether SAG101 is required for O.heveae triggered disease resistance in Arabidopsis.The wide type（WT） Col-0 and the mutants sag101,eds1 and pad4 of Arabidopsis were inoculated with O.heveae HN1106 to analyze the early and late disease resistance triggered by O.heveae in Arabidopsis.The results showed that the disease resistance at the early stage and late stage and defense responses triggered by O.heveae in the mutants sag101,eds1 and pad4 were significantly lower than those in the WT Col-0,and the susceptibility of the mutants to O.heveae is in the order of eds1＞pad4＞sag101.This indicates that eds1,pad4 and sag101 all contribute to the disease resistance against O.heveae,and that pad4 has a complementary function with sag101 in the resistance.
2018, 9(1): 37-46.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.005
Abstract:
The spatial distribution,age structure and individual migration of plant populations in a partial landform might give a deep revelation of dynamics and potential adaptivity of plant populations,which is a good reference for formulation of effective conservation measures for the plant populations.Four geographic populations of Oreocharis dasyantha,an epiphytic herb endemic to mountains in Hainan Island,which grow on rocks and are distinctly different in population at four sites,were selected to study their age structure and life table for each patch（fine-scale local population） within each geographic population,and to analyze the genetic structure and the intensity of gene flow between the patch populations by using the nuclear gene ITS and two chloroplast genes（trn L-F,ycf1b）.The results show that the O.dasyantha populations tended to expand in the humid area of Hainan Island but tended to decline in the dry area of Hainan Island.The fine-scale local populations of O.dasyantha within the same site differed greatly in age structure,growth rate,mortality and disappearance rate,and were found to have private haplotypes growing in the same site.This may be due to the isolation effect of microtopography,such as the slope valley and the path,which led to the blocking of gene flow of O.dasyantha with weak dispersal ability on the fine scale（about 10 m）.Therefore,for herbaceous plants with poor dispersal ability,it is necessary to maintain a smooth corridor for reproduction even at the fine-scale level,so as to avoid adverse effects of microhabitat such as slope valley and road to ensure long-term field conservation of the wild populations.
The spatial distribution,age structure and individual migration of plant populations in a partial landform might give a deep revelation of dynamics and potential adaptivity of plant populations,which is a good reference for formulation of effective conservation measures for the plant populations.Four geographic populations of Oreocharis dasyantha,an epiphytic herb endemic to mountains in Hainan Island,which grow on rocks and are distinctly different in population at four sites,were selected to study their age structure and life table for each patch（fine-scale local population） within each geographic population,and to analyze the genetic structure and the intensity of gene flow between the patch populations by using the nuclear gene ITS and two chloroplast genes（trn L-F,ycf1b）.The results show that the O.dasyantha populations tended to expand in the humid area of Hainan Island but tended to decline in the dry area of Hainan Island.The fine-scale local populations of O.dasyantha within the same site differed greatly in age structure,growth rate,mortality and disappearance rate,and were found to have private haplotypes growing in the same site.This may be due to the isolation effect of microtopography,such as the slope valley and the path,which led to the blocking of gene flow of O.dasyantha with weak dispersal ability on the fine scale（about 10 m）.Therefore,for herbaceous plants with poor dispersal ability,it is necessary to maintain a smooth corridor for reproduction even at the fine-scale level,so as to avoid adverse effects of microhabitat such as slope valley and road to ensure long-term field conservation of the wild populations.
2018, 9(1): 47-53.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.006
Abstract:
The rhizosphere soils of Impatiens hainanensis in different seasons were collected at different altitudes,high（1 000 m）,medium（400 m） and low（190 m）,and the fungi and bacteria of the collected samples were isolated by using the morphological method and molecular detection technology and cultured for analysis of the microbial community composition and dynamic changes to reveal the dynamic changes of fungi and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of I.hainanensis at the different altitudes.The results show the operational taxonomic unit（OUT） number,diversity index and richness index of the fungi in the rhizophere in the habitats of the different altitudes were higher in the dry season than in the wet season,while the OTU number,diversity index and abundance index of the bacteria was higher in the wet season than the dry season.Dominant species of Trichoderma,Talaromyces,Penicillium,and Aspergillus in the rhizosphere fungal community were observed most frequently in the high altitude in the dry season and the dominant bacterial species of Bacillus and Burkholderia in the rhizosphere bacterial community were most found at the low altitude in the wet season.The redundancy analysis of fungi and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere indicated the dry and wet season were the main driving force of the rhizosphere microbial community,followed by altitudes.In the limestone area where I.hainanensis grows,rhizosphere fungi and bacteria showed an opposite trend in response to the seasons and altitudinal gradients.
The rhizosphere soils of Impatiens hainanensis in different seasons were collected at different altitudes,high（1 000 m）,medium（400 m） and low（190 m）,and the fungi and bacteria of the collected samples were isolated by using the morphological method and molecular detection technology and cultured for analysis of the microbial community composition and dynamic changes to reveal the dynamic changes of fungi and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of I.hainanensis at the different altitudes.The results show the operational taxonomic unit（OUT） number,diversity index and richness index of the fungi in the rhizophere in the habitats of the different altitudes were higher in the dry season than in the wet season,while the OTU number,diversity index and abundance index of the bacteria was higher in the wet season than the dry season.Dominant species of Trichoderma,Talaromyces,Penicillium,and Aspergillus in the rhizosphere fungal community were observed most frequently in the high altitude in the dry season and the dominant bacterial species of Bacillus and Burkholderia in the rhizosphere bacterial community were most found at the low altitude in the wet season.The redundancy analysis of fungi and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere indicated the dry and wet season were the main driving force of the rhizosphere microbial community,followed by altitudes.In the limestone area where I.hainanensis grows,rhizosphere fungi and bacteria showed an opposite trend in response to the seasons and altitudinal gradients.
2018, 9(1): 54-60.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.007
Abstract:
Understanding the spatial variation and distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus（SAP） and soil available potassium（SAK） contents is of great importance for sustainable development of agricultural land in a region.The spatial variation of SAP and SAK contents in agricultural land in Danzhou,Hainan was analyzed by using geostatistics and geographic information system（GIS） to provide information for preventing soil degradation.There were 2 597 soil samples（0-20 cm） collected from the agricultural land.The geostatistical characteristics,spatial trend and range of the SAP and SAK contents were analyzed using the Geostatistical Analyst,Arc GIS 9.0.For all the soil samples collected,the SAP content averaged 13.15 g·kg-1,generally moderate in the soil,with an coefficient of variation（CV） being 163.99%.The spatial correlation distance（range） of the SAK content was 12.03 km,and the proportion of the semi-variogram model（C0/（C0+C）） was 66.68%,indicating a high semi-variogram value in the SAK content.The SAK content was 36.49 g·kg-1 by average,generally low in the soil,and its CV was 78.02%.The spatial correlation distance of the SAK content was 12.10 km,and the proportion of the semi-variogram model was 63.80%,indicating a moderate semi-variogram value.These indicated that both the SAP and SAK contents had a moderate spatial correlation.The Kriging spatial interpolation showed both the SAP and SAK contents had a spatial nested distribution.The SAP content varied greatly,with the Grade 3 of the SAP content being most widely distributed in the agricultural land,higher in the central north and central east and gradually lower in the north,center,south and central west of Danzhou,while the SAK content varied less than the SAP content,and its Grade 5 was most widely distributed in the agricultural land,massively in the south,east and north of Danzhou.This spatial distribution may be related with landform,geological conditions,landuse,land management,etc.
Understanding the spatial variation and distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus（SAP） and soil available potassium（SAK） contents is of great importance for sustainable development of agricultural land in a region.The spatial variation of SAP and SAK contents in agricultural land in Danzhou,Hainan was analyzed by using geostatistics and geographic information system（GIS） to provide information for preventing soil degradation.There were 2 597 soil samples（0-20 cm） collected from the agricultural land.The geostatistical characteristics,spatial trend and range of the SAP and SAK contents were analyzed using the Geostatistical Analyst,Arc GIS 9.0.For all the soil samples collected,the SAP content averaged 13.15 g·kg-1,generally moderate in the soil,with an coefficient of variation（CV） being 163.99%.The spatial correlation distance（range） of the SAK content was 12.03 km,and the proportion of the semi-variogram model（C0/（C0+C）） was 66.68%,indicating a high semi-variogram value in the SAK content.The SAK content was 36.49 g·kg-1 by average,generally low in the soil,and its CV was 78.02%.The spatial correlation distance of the SAK content was 12.10 km,and the proportion of the semi-variogram model was 63.80%,indicating a moderate semi-variogram value.These indicated that both the SAP and SAK contents had a moderate spatial correlation.The Kriging spatial interpolation showed both the SAP and SAK contents had a spatial nested distribution.The SAP content varied greatly,with the Grade 3 of the SAP content being most widely distributed in the agricultural land,higher in the central north and central east and gradually lower in the north,center,south and central west of Danzhou,while the SAK content varied less than the SAP content,and its Grade 5 was most widely distributed in the agricultural land,massively in the south,east and north of Danzhou.This spatial distribution may be related with landform,geological conditions,landuse,land management,etc.
2018, 9(1): 61-68.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.008
Abstract:
Soil moisture is known to have a major impact on the physiological activities of plants,and is the main water source for plants.The soil moisture content of Leucaena leucocephala plantations or artificial forests in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River was observed to analyze its temporal and spatial dynamic changes and influencing factors in the plantations.The results showed that the soil moisture content of L.leucocephala plantations was higher during the wet season and lower during the dry season.The soil moisture was increased with the soil depth,and its change was greater in the upper layer of the soil than in the lower layer of the soil.The annual changes of the soil moisture content increased with the rainfall,but there existed a hysteresis effect between the soil moisture content and the rainfall.L.leucocephala plantations effectively reduced the transpiration of moisture in the 0-40 cm soil layer during the wet season and hence had a good water conservation function.The L.leucocephala plantations gave great impact to the physical and chemical properties of the soil by reducing soil bulk density and increasing soil porosity and soil organic matter content,which produced positive effect on the capability of water holding and conservation.The soil sand content of L.leucocephala plantations was significantly positively correlated with the soil moisture content（P＜0.05）,but significantly negatively with the silt content and the clay content（P＜0.05）.Therefore,rational development of L.leucocephala plantations in the dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil,and the water retention and conservation of the soil,and hence have an ecological function of soil and water conservation.
Soil moisture is known to have a major impact on the physiological activities of plants,and is the main water source for plants.The soil moisture content of Leucaena leucocephala plantations or artificial forests in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River was observed to analyze its temporal and spatial dynamic changes and influencing factors in the plantations.The results showed that the soil moisture content of L.leucocephala plantations was higher during the wet season and lower during the dry season.The soil moisture was increased with the soil depth,and its change was greater in the upper layer of the soil than in the lower layer of the soil.The annual changes of the soil moisture content increased with the rainfall,but there existed a hysteresis effect between the soil moisture content and the rainfall.L.leucocephala plantations effectively reduced the transpiration of moisture in the 0-40 cm soil layer during the wet season and hence had a good water conservation function.The L.leucocephala plantations gave great impact to the physical and chemical properties of the soil by reducing soil bulk density and increasing soil porosity and soil organic matter content,which produced positive effect on the capability of water holding and conservation.The soil sand content of L.leucocephala plantations was significantly positively correlated with the soil moisture content（P＜0.05）,but significantly negatively with the silt content and the clay content（P＜0.05）.Therefore,rational development of L.leucocephala plantations in the dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil,and the water retention and conservation of the soil,and hence have an ecological function of soil and water conservation.
2018, 9(1): 69-75.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.09
Abstract:
Five accessions of wild germplasm of Morinda citrifolia Linn,WT1 a,WT1 b,WT2,WT3 and WT4,were collected in the Southeast Asia and used as experimental materials.They were treated indoor with low temperature to determine and analyze their physiological indexes.Cold resistance ability of the five accessions was evaluated by the membership function method,and then verified in field trials through experimental observation.The results showed that conductivity,MDA content and POD activity could be used as reference indices for evaluation of the cold resistance of M.citrifolia Linn.The accession WT1 a showed the highest cold resistance,while the accession WT4 had the lowest cold resistance.It is inferred that the time threshold for cold injury of M.citrifolia Linn be 4-6 days after low temperature stress was imposed on M.citrifolia Linn.
Five accessions of wild germplasm of Morinda citrifolia Linn,WT1 a,WT1 b,WT2,WT3 and WT4,were collected in the Southeast Asia and used as experimental materials.They were treated indoor with low temperature to determine and analyze their physiological indexes.Cold resistance ability of the five accessions was evaluated by the membership function method,and then verified in field trials through experimental observation.The results showed that conductivity,MDA content and POD activity could be used as reference indices for evaluation of the cold resistance of M.citrifolia Linn.The accession WT1 a showed the highest cold resistance,while the accession WT4 had the lowest cold resistance.It is inferred that the time threshold for cold injury of M.citrifolia Linn be 4-6 days after low temperature stress was imposed on M.citrifolia Linn.
2018, 9(1): 76-80.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.10
Abstract:
Four cultivars of Pogostemon cablin,and Agastache rugosa were collected as samples to establish their X-ray powder diffraction fingerprint patterns for analysis.The analysis showed that the 2θ cosine values of 4 cultivars of P.cablin were similar（more than 0.6） while the 2θ cosine values of A.rugosa was 0.325,indicating a big difference between P.cablin and A.rugosa in the 2θ cosine value.It is suggested that the 2θ cosine value of 0.6 be used as the reference standard to distinguish between P.cablin and A.rugosa.P.cablin and A.rugosa were different in the intensity of characteristic peaks,and the 5 samples were divided into 3 categories.P.cablin ’Paixiang’ had a sharp,higher diffraction peak intensity at 7.5 nm and was listed in Category I;P.cablin ’Zhanxiang’,’Zhaoxiang’ and ’Nanxiang’ were grouped into Category Ⅱ because of a sharp,higher diffraction peak intensity at 4.0 nm;A.rugosa was listed in Category Ⅲ.X-ray powder diffraction fingerprint pattern can be used for identification and analysis of P.cablin,and the results of similarity calculation can be used for quality evaluation.This provides a new scientific method for effective identification of P.cablin and A.rugosa.
Four cultivars of Pogostemon cablin,and Agastache rugosa were collected as samples to establish their X-ray powder diffraction fingerprint patterns for analysis.The analysis showed that the 2θ cosine values of 4 cultivars of P.cablin were similar（more than 0.6） while the 2θ cosine values of A.rugosa was 0.325,indicating a big difference between P.cablin and A.rugosa in the 2θ cosine value.It is suggested that the 2θ cosine value of 0.6 be used as the reference standard to distinguish between P.cablin and A.rugosa.P.cablin and A.rugosa were different in the intensity of characteristic peaks,and the 5 samples were divided into 3 categories.P.cablin ’Paixiang’ had a sharp,higher diffraction peak intensity at 7.5 nm and was listed in Category I;P.cablin ’Zhanxiang’,’Zhaoxiang’ and ’Nanxiang’ were grouped into Category Ⅱ because of a sharp,higher diffraction peak intensity at 4.0 nm;A.rugosa was listed in Category Ⅲ.X-ray powder diffraction fingerprint pattern can be used for identification and analysis of P.cablin,and the results of similarity calculation can be used for quality evaluation.This provides a new scientific method for effective identification of P.cablin and A.rugosa.
2018, 9(1): 81-89.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.011
Abstract:
The cinnamon essential oil was purified by using chromatography on silica gel,C18-reversed phase silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 column and High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）,and its components were identified by using Mass Spectrometry（MS） and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy（NMR） and tested to analyze their antifungal activities against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.From the cinnamon essential oil 5 major components,e.g.trans-cinnamic acid,2’-methoxycimnamaldehyde,trans-cinnamaldehyde,1,2-dibenzoylethane and coumarin,were identified.The antifungal activity inhibition test showed that the first three components had a high antifungal activity against C.gloeosporioides Penz.which was in the order of transcinnamic acid ＞ 2’-methoxy cimnamaldehyde ＞ trans-cinnamaldehyde.
The cinnamon essential oil was purified by using chromatography on silica gel,C18-reversed phase silica gel,Sephadex LH-20 column and High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）,and its components were identified by using Mass Spectrometry（MS） and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy（NMR） and tested to analyze their antifungal activities against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.From the cinnamon essential oil 5 major components,e.g.trans-cinnamic acid,2’-methoxycimnamaldehyde,trans-cinnamaldehyde,1,2-dibenzoylethane and coumarin,were identified.The antifungal activity inhibition test showed that the first three components had a high antifungal activity against C.gloeosporioides Penz.which was in the order of transcinnamic acid ＞ 2’-methoxy cimnamaldehyde ＞ trans-cinnamaldehyde.
2018, 9(1): 90-100.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.012
Abstract:
The Type Ⅵ secretion system（T6SS） is widely distributed amongst diverse Gram-negative bacterial species.The extracellular components of the T6SS,Hcp and VgrG,form a needle-like injection device that resembles the phage tail.Hcp forms hexameric rings（sheath） and VgrG at the distal tip of the sheath forms a tail spike-like cell-puncturing device.The relationship between Hcp and VgrG was analyzed at evolutional and expressional levels.Results showed that Hcp co-evolved with other T6SS genes while VgrG evolved randomly.One bacterial species may encode more than one T6SS.The number of Hcp is often equal to that of T6SS,but VgrG is not at all the case.A bacterium encoding T6SS may have up to 30 vgrG genes which are not related to the number of T6SS.Based on the evolution and homology analysis,Hcp can be classified into 14 types,while VgrG into 3 classes.The orthologs of Hcp and VgrG have higher conservation than the paralogs.The VgrG is believed to act as a carrier of effectors.Thus,the diversity of VgrG might be the reason that a bacterium encodes different effectors to kill different bacterial species.Co-evolution analysis showed that Hcp and VgrG were closely related during evolution,with predictable high affinity partner between Hcp and vgrG genes.Expression analysis showed that expression of almost all VgrG genes was positively correlated with the Hcp genes in Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola RS105 which encodes 30 VgrGs,indicating the expression of both VgrG and Hcp can not be used for their relation analysis but for functional relation analysis in RS105.The results support that Hcp and VgrG are functional and evolutional partners in Gram-negative bacteria.
The Type Ⅵ secretion system（T6SS） is widely distributed amongst diverse Gram-negative bacterial species.The extracellular components of the T6SS,Hcp and VgrG,form a needle-like injection device that resembles the phage tail.Hcp forms hexameric rings（sheath） and VgrG at the distal tip of the sheath forms a tail spike-like cell-puncturing device.The relationship between Hcp and VgrG was analyzed at evolutional and expressional levels.Results showed that Hcp co-evolved with other T6SS genes while VgrG evolved randomly.One bacterial species may encode more than one T6SS.The number of Hcp is often equal to that of T6SS,but VgrG is not at all the case.A bacterium encoding T6SS may have up to 30 vgrG genes which are not related to the number of T6SS.Based on the evolution and homology analysis,Hcp can be classified into 14 types,while VgrG into 3 classes.The orthologs of Hcp and VgrG have higher conservation than the paralogs.The VgrG is believed to act as a carrier of effectors.Thus,the diversity of VgrG might be the reason that a bacterium encodes different effectors to kill different bacterial species.Co-evolution analysis showed that Hcp and VgrG were closely related during evolution,with predictable high affinity partner between Hcp and vgrG genes.Expression analysis showed that expression of almost all VgrG genes was positively correlated with the Hcp genes in Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola RS105 which encodes 30 VgrGs,indicating the expression of both VgrG and Hcp can not be used for their relation analysis but for functional relation analysis in RS105.The results support that Hcp and VgrG are functional and evolutional partners in Gram-negative bacteria.
2018, 9(1): 101-108.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.013
Abstract:
Rainier cherries collected in Yantai,Shandong were treated with controlled gases by using modified atmosphere packaging（MAP） technique and stored for 30 days,60 days,90 days,120 days to observe their decay rate,hardness,titratable acid content,soluble solids content and other indicators to determine the best proportion of gases for the modified atmosphere packaging of fresh Rainier cherries.The results show that the modified atmosphere packaging of Rainier cherries had the best storage effect when the O2 was 7% and the CO2 was 20% in the modified atmospheric gases.Under this condition the fresh Rainier cherries treated had the lowest fruit decay rate,and relatively lower change in titratable acid and soluble solids content as well asflesh hardness.
Rainier cherries collected in Yantai,Shandong were treated with controlled gases by using modified atmosphere packaging（MAP） technique and stored for 30 days,60 days,90 days,120 days to observe their decay rate,hardness,titratable acid content,soluble solids content and other indicators to determine the best proportion of gases for the modified atmosphere packaging of fresh Rainier cherries.The results show that the modified atmosphere packaging of Rainier cherries had the best storage effect when the O2 was 7% and the CO2 was 20% in the modified atmospheric gases.Under this condition the fresh Rainier cherries treated had the lowest fruit decay rate,and relatively lower change in titratable acid and soluble solids content as well asflesh hardness.
2018, 9(1): 109-116.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.014
Abstract:
The historical evolution,lineage,site selection,plane layout and plant arrangement of Buddhist temple gardens in Hainan Island were investigated and analyzed through literature consulting,field expedition and graphic analysis.The results showed that 32 Buddhist temple gardens in Hainan Island are well preserved and mainly distributed in the north of Hainan Island as well as the coastal counties and cities in the east,west and south of Hainan Island.The plane layout of most of the Buddhist temple gardens are in the form of a seven-hall temple.The Buddhist culture-related plant species with high ornamental value and adaptability were reviewed in a view to providing reference for repairing and rebuilding of temple gardens in Hainan Island.
The historical evolution,lineage,site selection,plane layout and plant arrangement of Buddhist temple gardens in Hainan Island were investigated and analyzed through literature consulting,field expedition and graphic analysis.The results showed that 32 Buddhist temple gardens in Hainan Island are well preserved and mainly distributed in the north of Hainan Island as well as the coastal counties and cities in the east,west and south of Hainan Island.The plane layout of most of the Buddhist temple gardens are in the form of a seven-hall temple.The Buddhist culture-related plant species with high ornamental value and adaptability were reviewed in a view to providing reference for repairing and rebuilding of temple gardens in Hainan Island.
2018, 9(1): 117-122.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.015
Abstract:
With the increase of "CO2 greenhouse effect",plant carbon sequestration plays a crucial role in reducing the harm it brings.Carbon sequestration in urban green spaces is one of the important branches of the plant carbon sequestration.The concept,origin,motivation,function,function,current researches and existing problems of carbon sequestration in the urban green spaces were reviewed in an attempt to provide reference for further research on carbon sequestration in the urban green spaces in China.
With the increase of "CO2 greenhouse effect",plant carbon sequestration plays a crucial role in reducing the harm it brings.Carbon sequestration in urban green spaces is one of the important branches of the plant carbon sequestration.The concept,origin,motivation,function,function,current researches and existing problems of carbon sequestration in the urban green spaces were reviewed in an attempt to provide reference for further research on carbon sequestration in the urban green spaces in China.
2018, 9(1): 123-128.
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2018.01.016
Abstract:
Due to hybridization and polyploidation,a number of complexes occur in Pteris（Pteridaceae） and some speceis in Pteris are highly similar in morphology.The history of taxonomy in Pteris can be divided into four parts:classical taxonomy,micromorphology,cytology and molecular systematics.In classical taxonomy,it was controversial that anastomosing veins should be the primary basis for classification of Pteris because veins were not always anastomosing in some Pteris species.In micromorphology,ornamentation of spores was found valuable to clarify genetic relationships in Pteris,and stomatal types were useful to distinguish Pteris from other genera.In cytology,sexual reproduction and apomixes were found to be the main reproduction styles in Pteris,and quite a few complexes were also found.Studies in molecular systematics helped a lot to clarify complicate relationships in some Pteris complexes,such as P.cadieri complex and P.fauriei complex.More complexes in Pteris need to be studied,which should focus on the origins of complexes and the genetic relationships of members in complexes.The study of complexes could improve the study on the origin and evolution of species in Pteris and clear up some taxonomic confusion in Pteris.
Due to hybridization and polyploidation,a number of complexes occur in Pteris（Pteridaceae） and some speceis in Pteris are highly similar in morphology.The history of taxonomy in Pteris can be divided into four parts:classical taxonomy,micromorphology,cytology and molecular systematics.In classical taxonomy,it was controversial that anastomosing veins should be the primary basis for classification of Pteris because veins were not always anastomosing in some Pteris species.In micromorphology,ornamentation of spores was found valuable to clarify genetic relationships in Pteris,and stomatal types were useful to distinguish Pteris from other genera.In cytology,sexual reproduction and apomixes were found to be the main reproduction styles in Pteris,and quite a few complexes were also found.Studies in molecular systematics helped a lot to clarify complicate relationships in some Pteris complexes,such as P.cadieri complex and P.fauriei complex.More complexes in Pteris need to be studied,which should focus on the origins of complexes and the genetic relationships of members in complexes.The study of complexes could improve the study on the origin and evolution of species in Pteris and clear up some taxonomic confusion in Pteris.
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