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棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi Karny)属缨翅目(Thysanoptera)蓟马科(Thripida),是外来入侵物种之一[1-2],在苏门达腊岛的烟草上首次被发现[3],20世纪70年代迅速在世界各地大面积发生,目前在加勒比海和欧、亚、非、美、大洋洲均有分布[4-6]。1976年,中国首次在广东的蔬菜作物上发现棕榈蓟马[7-8],目前在香港、海南、云南、湖南、浙江、广东、西藏、四川、广西等地均有分布[9]。此外,在山东、湖北、上海、江苏等地也发现棕榈蓟马的发生分布[10]。棕榈蓟马有直接危害(取食、产卵)和间接危害(传播植物病毒)两种为害方式。棕榈蓟马利用自身的锉吸式口器来吸取植物组织器官内的营养成分以满足其自身生长需要,为害严重时可使蔬菜大量减产(减产率:茄科20%~30%,豆科20%~35%,葫芦科5%~40%)[9]。棕榈蓟马还可以传播多种植物病毒病[11-12]。本研究从棕榈蓟马形态性状、生态性状、发生危害、抗药性现状和综合防治技术五个方面,对其研究现状进行综述,旨在帮助果蔬产业人员更有效地防治该虫害,促进我国瓜果蔬菜产业健康发展。
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棕榈蓟马的防治措施主要有农业、生物、物理及化学措施。为防止使用单一药剂防治棕榈蓟马造成其产生抗药性,应采取有害生物综合治理措施对其进行防治。
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选育抗棕榈蓟马的节瓜、黄瓜和茄子等寄主植物、培育健壮植株以提高植株的抗逆性、恶化棕榈蓟马生存环境、清除田间病株杂草等措施均能有效降低棕榈蓟马的危害。此外,可根据棕榈蓟马的入土化蛹习性,使用地膜覆盖法阻断棕榈蓟马入土化蛹,使棕榈蓟马脱水死亡[42],此法可有效降低棕榈蓟马虫口密度。利用施有杀虫剂的诱虫植物如开花期菊花等可更加有效地减少害虫数量[43]。此外,早期害虫预警也是重要的防控措施,番茄斑萎病毒症状在矮牵牛被带毒蓟马取食后几天内就会显现[26],据此可以种植指示植物来进行预警。
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利用天敌生物来防治棕榈蓟马可以有效减少化学药剂使用,捕食性天敌、寄生蜂、病原微生物为棕榈蓟马主要的天敌生物[44-53](表1)。
表 1 防治棕榈蓟马的天敌生物
Table 1. Natural enemies of Thrips palmi
天敌种类 Natural enemy groups 天敌物种 Natural enemy species 捕食性 蝽类 O. similis (南方小花蝽)[44]、O. sauteri (东亚小花蝽)[45]、Wollastoniella rotunda[46]、Campylimma chinensi (中华微刺盲蝽)[47-48] 蓟马类 Scolothrips takahashii (塔六点蓟马)、Franklinothrips vespiformis (胡蜂形长角蓟马)[49] 寄生性 寄生蜂类 Campylom sp.、Megaphragma sp. (赤眼蜂)[49] 病原微生物 线虫类 Steinernema bicornutum (斯氏线虫)、Heterorhabditis indica (异小杆线虫)[50] 真菌类 Beauveria bassiana (球孢白僵菌)[51]、Metarhizium anisopliae (绿僵菌)[52]、Verticillium lecanii (蜡蚧轮枝菌)[53] -
防治棕榈蓟马的物理措施主要是利用其对温度的适应性及对光线及颜色的趋避性采取的防治措施。首先,棕榈蓟马对温差十分敏感,在其入土化蛹并羽化后向地上爬出时,通风降低温室内温度可使该虫死亡,如此反复几次后死亡率可达90%以上[54]。其次,棕榈蓟马成、若虫都对光线和蓝色表现出强的趋向性,可采取夜晚悬挂诱捕灯,白天放置蓝色粘虫板等措施来进行捕杀。影响诱捕量的主要因素有粘虫板颜色和引诱剂的添加剂量两方面,蓝色粘虫板诱捕效果相比其他颜色效果较好[55]。在棕榈蓟马的高发期若上述措施均不能有效地防治棕榈蓟马,可采取反射紫外线覆盖物和化学防治联合运用的措施来进行防治[56]。
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针对棕榈蓟马的化学防治,吴建辉等在广东地区试验田的监测结果表明,10%溴虫腈防治效果较好[57]。陈青在海南试验田的监测结果发现,对棕榈蓟马防效较好的药剂有25%吡虫啉·辛硫磷乳油、5%吡虫啉·丁硫克百威乳油和2.5%高渗吡虫啉等[58]。Cermeli等发现阿维菌素、吡虫啉、吡丙醚、杀螟丹、氟虫脲、除虫脲对若虫的防效依次减弱,仲丁威和胺丙畏对成虫的防效较好[59]。
在化学防治棕榈蓟马时,应适时、精准用药并综合运用多种防治措施。合理轮用或化学药剂混用可有效降低药剂选择压力并延缓害虫抗药性发展。化学药剂混合使用时应注意药剂间的拮抗作用,部分氨基甲酸酯类药剂和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂存在交互抗性[60-61],在吡蚜酮、吡虫啉与阿维菌素间均发生[62]拮抗作用,在氨基甲酸酯和有机磷类药剂间产生交互抗性[63]。
Research Progress in the Invasive Pest Thrips palmi Karny
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摘要: 棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi Karny)属于个体微小但繁殖力强的外来入侵害虫,主要以直接取食、产卵和间接传播植物病毒的形式对寄主植物产生危害。目前已发现棕榈蓟马分布于我国13个省份,危害多种作物,导致作物生长缓慢、瓜果畸形,经济损失惨重。笔者从棕榈蓟马形态性状、生态性状、发生危害、抗药性现状和综合防治技术五个方面,对其研究现状进行综述,旨在帮助果蔬产业人员更有效地防治该虫害,促进我国瓜果蔬菜产业健康发展。
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关键词:
- 棕榈蓟马(Thrips palmi Karny) /
- 形态性状 /
- 生态性状 /
- 危害 /
- 综合防治
Abstract: Thrips palmi Karny is a small but highly productive invasive pest insect and causes damages to the host plants mainly through direct feeding, oviposition and/or indirect transmission of a virus. T. palmi has been found distributed in 13 provinces of China, and infects a variety of crops, leading to slow plant growth of the crops and abnormal growth of melon and fruit and hence heavy economic losses. A review of T. palmi was made in morphological identification characteristics, ecological characteristics, occurrence hazards, drug resistance status and comprehensive control techniques in combination with our recent research. The purpose of this review is to enable technicians and growers of fruits and vegetables to have a deeper understanding of T. palmi so that they can prevent and control T. palmi more effectively to avoid more serious economic losses and to maintain the healthy development of fruit and vegetable sectors in China for high-quality production of fruits and vegetables and hence good economic benefits.-
Key words:
- Thrips palmi Karny /
- morphology /
- ecologic traits /
- Harm /
- Integrated management
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表 1 防治棕榈蓟马的天敌生物
Table 1 Natural enemies of Thrips palmi
天敌种类 Natural enemy groups 天敌物种 Natural enemy species 捕食性 蝽类 O. similis (南方小花蝽)[44]、O. sauteri (东亚小花蝽)[45]、Wollastoniella rotunda[46]、Campylimma chinensi (中华微刺盲蝽)[47-48] 蓟马类 Scolothrips takahashii (塔六点蓟马)、Franklinothrips vespiformis (胡蜂形长角蓟马)[49] 寄生性 寄生蜂类 Campylom sp.、Megaphragma sp. (赤眼蜂)[49] 病原微生物 线虫类 Steinernema bicornutum (斯氏线虫)、Heterorhabditis indica (异小杆线虫)[50] 真菌类 Beauveria bassiana (球孢白僵菌)[51]、Metarhizium anisopliae (绿僵菌)[52]、Verticillium lecanii (蜡蚧轮枝菌)[53] -
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