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主持人:廖卫国
海南地处热带、亚热带地区,温湿度、光照适宜,种植业方面具有得天独厚的优势。海南的蔬菜种植以冬季瓜菜为主,瓜类作物种植面积和产量均位居前列[1]。瓜蚜是瓜类作物生产中发生最为严重的害虫之一,其若蚜和成蚜刺吸为害幼嫩叶片、植物生长点,导致黄瓜等作物叶片萎缩、卷曲、变黄,出现生长缓慢、枯苗等现象,从而影响黄瓜苦瓜等瓜类作物的产量和品质,造成瓜类作物严重减产[2]。目前主要通过施用化学农药来对瓜蚜进行防治,但是农药长期使用导致蚜虫对多种药剂产生了抗性,其发生促使人们加大农药使用量和增加施药频次,这不仅导致用药成本上升,蚜虫抗性发展更快,而且导致农药残留严重,引发食品安全问题和生态安全问题[3]。生物防治是应用天敌控制害虫的重要手段[4]。传统上,生物防治主要通过天敌直接捕食(或寄生)害虫降低害虫种群数量。研究发现,除了直接捕食作用,天敌昆虫还能通过引发非直接捕食效应(胁迫效应)影响害虫行为、生理和生长发育,间接地降低害虫的适合度[5]。例如,天敌斑腹刺益蝽(Podisus maculiventris)胁迫使马铃薯甲虫(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)取食行为改变,取食量减少29%[6];七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)胁迫减少禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi) 40%的定殖率[7]。异色瓢虫胁迫使棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)幼虫和蛹的发育历期加快,其后代的繁殖能力和存活率也发生改变[8]。天敌昆虫的胁迫效应不仅可以影响当代猎物,对猎物的子代也会产生影响。李燕平等[9]的研究表明,龟纹瓢虫(Propylaea japonica)胁迫会影响连续三代黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的生长发育和繁殖。这些猎物行为、生长发育和繁殖的变化,最终会影响它们的种群数量[10-12]。六斑月瓢虫(Cheilomenes sexmaculata)属鞘翅目Coleoptera瓢虫科Coccinellidae,是我国南方农田中的重要天敌昆虫。Patel等[13]的研究结果显示,六斑月瓢虫在植物上留下的足部挥发物对墨西哥甲虫(Zygogramma bicolorata)有明显的胁迫作用,其胁迫显著改变了墨西哥甲虫的取食速率、物质转化效率和生长发育速率。本研究拟探究六斑月瓢虫对瓜蚜的胁迫作用,明确六斑月瓢虫胁迫对瓜蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。研究结果将有助于全面了解六斑月瓢虫在蚜虫控制中发挥的作用。
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经六斑月瓢虫胁迫后的瓜蚜,其所产子代生命表参数变化如表1所示。短时胁迫(2 h)和长时间胁迫(24 h)对子代瓜蚜生命参数均有一定影响。经历2 h六斑月瓢虫胁迫后的瓜蚜,其所产子代内禀增长率(Rm)和周限增长率(λ)均显著降低(Rm:F = 9.003,P = 0.016;λ:F = 8.943,P = 0.016),其世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(DT)均延长(T: F = 5.411,P = 0.045; DT: F = 9.269,P = 0.015)。经历瓢虫长时间胁迫(24 h)的瓜蚜,其所产子代瓜蚜的净增殖率(R0)显著减小(F=36.843,P = 0.0001),单独胁迫组和捕食胁迫组的R0均显著低于对照。
表 1 六斑月瓢虫胁迫对瓜蚜的生命参数的影响
Table 1. Population life table parameters of Aphis gossypii under predation risk or stress of Cheilomenes sexmaculata.
处理时长/hDuration of treatment 处理Treatment 净增殖率R0 内禀增长率Rm 世代周期T 种群加倍时间DT 周限增长率λ 2 捕食胁迫Preation risk 62.54±2.85 a 0.44±0.00 b 9.39±0.12 a 1.57±0.01 a 1.55±0.00 b 单独胁迫Stress 61.23±1.73 a 0.44±0.00 b 9.26±0.10 ab 1.56±0.01 a 1.56±0.00 b 对照CK 65.56±2.23 a 0.46±0.01 a 9.05±0.16 b 1.50±0.04 b 1.59±0.02 a 24 捕食胁迫Preation risk 60.83±0.91 b 0.47±0.02 a 8.83±0.36 a 1.49±0.06 a 1.59±0.03 a 单独胁迫Stress 55.57±2.03 c 0.44±0.01 a 9.07±0.13 a 1.57±0.03 a 1.56±0.02 a 对照CK 64.98±0.69 a 0.46±0.00 a 9.15±0.02 a 1.52±0.00 a 1.58±0.00 a 注: 数据为平均值±标准误,不同小写字母表示0.05水平上差异显著。Note: data were presented as mean±SD, data with different lowercase letters indicated significant difference at 0.05 level.
Non-consumptive effects of Cheilomenes sexmaculata on the fitness of Aphis gossypii
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摘要: 天敌昆虫是重要的生物防治因子。天敌昆虫不仅可以直接捕食控制害虫数量,还能通过胁迫作用改变害虫的生长发育和繁殖,间接影响害虫的适合度。冬季瓜菜是海南热带高效农业的重要组成,瓜蚜(Aphis gossypii)是为害黄瓜等瓜类作物的重要害虫。为综合评价天敌对瓜蚜的种群调节作用,采用生命表法,研究了本地捕食性天敌六斑月瓢虫(Cheilomenes sexmaculata)对瓜蚜的胁迫效应,结果表明,不同胁迫时长对瓜蚜产生的效应不同,经历较长时间(24 h)胁迫的瓜蚜,其子代寿命显著缩短,产蚜历期、产蚜量和净增值率也显著降低。研究结果还表明,六斑月瓢虫胁迫显著改变瓜蚜的生长发育与繁殖等生命参数,影响蚜虫适合度。研究结果将有助于更全面地评价瓢虫对蚜虫种群的调节作用,并为瓜蚜(尤其抗性蚜虫)的绿色防控提供新的思路。Abstract: Natural enemy insects are important biological factors in pest control, which can not only decrease population of pests through direct predation, but also change the growth, development and reproduction of pests through non-consumptive effects, indirectly affecting the fitness of pests. Winter melons and vegetables are important crops for high-efficient development of tropical agriculture in Hainan, and an aphid, Aphis gossypii, was considered as an important pest causing great damage to cucumbers and other melons crops. For comprehensive assessment of the impact of natural enemies on aphid populations, the life table method was utilized to investigate the non-consumptive effects of a local predatory natural enemy, Cheilomenes sexmaculata, on aphids, A. gossypii. The results revealed that the non-consumptive effect of C. sexmaculata on A. gossypii varied depending on the duration of treatment. After a 24-hour treatment, the aphid offspring showed a significant decrease in the longevity, reproduction duration, total reproduction, and R0. The research findings indicate that the non-consumptive effects of C. sexmaculata significantly altered the growth, development, reproduction, and other population life table parameters of the aphids. The findings will contribute to a more thorough assessment of ladybeetles' capacity to regulate aphid populations, thus offering novel approaches for ecologically-friendly aphid management (especially resistant aphids).
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Key words:
- Cheilomenes sexmaculata /
- Aphis gossypii /
- predation risk /
- fitness
注释:1) 叶静 -
表 1 六斑月瓢虫胁迫对瓜蚜的生命参数的影响
Table 1 Population life table parameters of Aphis gossypii under predation risk or stress of Cheilomenes sexmaculata.
处理时长/hDuration of treatment 处理Treatment 净增殖率R0 内禀增长率Rm 世代周期T 种群加倍时间DT 周限增长率λ 2 捕食胁迫Preation risk 62.54±2.85 a 0.44±0.00 b 9.39±0.12 a 1.57±0.01 a 1.55±0.00 b 单独胁迫Stress 61.23±1.73 a 0.44±0.00 b 9.26±0.10 ab 1.56±0.01 a 1.56±0.00 b 对照CK 65.56±2.23 a 0.46±0.01 a 9.05±0.16 b 1.50±0.04 b 1.59±0.02 a 24 捕食胁迫Preation risk 60.83±0.91 b 0.47±0.02 a 8.83±0.36 a 1.49±0.06 a 1.59±0.03 a 单独胁迫Stress 55.57±2.03 c 0.44±0.01 a 9.07±0.13 a 1.57±0.03 a 1.56±0.02 a 对照CK 64.98±0.69 a 0.46±0.00 a 9.15±0.02 a 1.52±0.00 a 1.58±0.00 a 注: 数据为平均值±标准误,不同小写字母表示0.05水平上差异显著。Note: data were presented as mean±SD, data with different lowercase letters indicated significant difference at 0.05 level. -
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