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肝簇虫是顶复门(Apicomplexa)真球目(Encoudida)肝簇虫属(Hepatozoon spp.)的原虫,属于血液寄生虫的8个属之一。目前所发现的肝簇虫属已经达到300多种,其中至少有46种肝簇虫属能感染哺乳动物[1]。肝簇虫可以通过不同种类的节肢动物进行传播,比如蜱(Ixodida),虱(Phthiraptera),蚊(Culicidae),螨(Acariformes and Parasitiformes),白蛉(Phlebotomidae),采采蝇(Glossina),锥蝽(Triatominae),水蛭(Whitmania pigra Whitman)[1-3]。
目前已知能感染犬和其他野生犬科动物的肝簇虫有2种,分别是犬肝簇虫(Hepatozoon canis)[4]和美洲肝簇虫(Hepatozoon americium)[5]。2种肝簇虫都是通过犬和其他野生犬科动物吞食含有成熟卵囊的蜱虫而进行传播的[6-7]。也有包括犬肝簇虫通过胎盘屏障感染胎儿,或新宿主猎食了作为美洲肝簇虫的原宿主等其他途径感染的报道[8]。血红扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus sanguineus),一种以犬为主要宿主,以多种哺乳动物血液为食的棕色犬蜱,在世界范围内广泛分布[9-10],已被证明是犬肝簇虫的主要传播媒介[11]。最近,也有实验研究证实,对犬肝簇虫也有传播作用的还有在意大利南部发现的图兰扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus turanicus) [12];其他蜱种如巴西的微小扇头蜱(牛蜱)[Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus][13]、卵圆花蜱(Amblyomma ovale)[14]、日本的长角血蜱(Haemaphysalis longicornis)和褐黄血蜱(Haemaphysalis flava)[15]、意大利的蓖籽硬蜱(Ixodes ricinus)[16]、匈牙利的嗜群血蜱(Haemaphysalis concinna)[17]等也可能是犬肝簇虫的潜在载体。
犬肝簇虫可广泛感染世界各地的肉食性宿主,如狗、豺、狐狸、负鼠和家猫[16, 18-22]。家养犬对犬肝簇虫的感染表现出良好的适应性,大多数犬在感染后的疾病状态处于亚临床到轻度之间,而犬被美洲肝簇虫感染后往往是致命的[5, 23]。虽然美洲肝簇虫和犬肝簇虫在犬科动物感染中都有报道,但犬肝簇虫的传播更广泛,也是犬肝簇虫病的主要原因[9]。
犬肝簇虫的诊断常用镜检方法,即在染色的血涂片中检测出犬肝簇虫的配子体[24]。酶联免疫吸附试验和间接荧光抗体试验等工具也被用于犬肝簇虫抗体的血清学诊断[25]。还可以通过PCR技术检测犬体内的犬肝簇虫,这是检测犬感染犬肝簇虫最准确的诊断方法[7, 26]。
犬肝簇虫广泛分布,欧洲[16, 19]、非洲[27-28]、美洲[29]、亚洲[4, 30]、澳洲[31]等地都有犬肝簇虫的报道;在中国的邻国也有发现,如柬埔寨[32],印度[33],日本[34],韩国[35],巴基斯坦[36],泰国[37],马来西亚半岛[38]等,而美洲肝簇虫只在北美地区有报道[5, 39]。目前我国犬只数量估计在1.5亿到2亿[40]之间。国内对犬肝簇虫的研究却非常有限,仅有北京、河南、江苏、陕西、新疆[41]、广西[42]、广东[43]、台湾[44]等地区有关于犬肝簇虫的报道。
在过去的几年里,世界范围内影响家畜和野生动物的肝簇虫流行率有所增加,因此,对肝簇虫的研究在兽医领域具有重要意义。本研究旨在通过PCR和测序方法检测出海南岛犬体内携带肝簇虫的情况,可为海南岛犬蜱传疾病的流行和分布格局提供信息。
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对采集到的1 039份犬全血DNA进行犬肝簇虫18S rRNA基因扩增,电泳结果显示扩增产物在666 bp处出现目的片段(图1),与犬肝簇虫18S rRNA基因预期片段大小相符。扩增序列测序拼接后经BLAST比对与GenBank上已有的犬肝簇虫序列AF176835同源性为99.85%。
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在海南岛1 039份犬血中发现犬肝簇虫阳性血液135份,感染率为13.0%。海南岛18个市县犬肝簇虫感染率见表1。海口(20.7%)、三亚(20.6%)、屯昌(33.3%)等地犬肝簇虫感染率较高。文昌市(8.7%)、定安县(5.6%)、澄迈县(6.3%)、儋州市(5.0%)、琼中县(15.8%)、乐东县(18.8%)、昌江县(6.7%)等地均发现有犬感染犬肝簇虫。
表 1 海南岛18个市县犬肝簇虫感染率
测序方法 市/县 犬肝簇虫
样品数量/阳性数量
(感染率/%)18S rRNA 海口市 435/90(20.7) 18S rRNA 文昌市 46/4(8.7) 18S rRNA 琼海市 34/0(0) 18S rRNA 定安县 232/13(5.6) 18S rRNA 澄迈县 16/1(6.3) 18S rRNA 临高县 12/0(0) 18S rRNA 儋州市 60/3(5.0) 18S rRNA 琼中黎族苗族自治县 19/3(15.8) 18S rRNA 保亭黎族苗族自治县 24/0(0) 18S rRNA 万宁市 18/0(0) 18S rRNA 五指山市 12/0(0) 18S rRNA 三亚市 34/7(20.6) 18S rRNA 乐东黎族自治县 16/3(18.8) 18S rRNA 陵水黎族自治县 4/0(0) 18S rRNA 白沙黎族自治县 11/0(0) 18S rRNA 昌江黎族自治县 15/1(6.7) 18S rRNA 东方市 21/0(0) 18S rRNA 屯昌县 30/10(33.3) 18S rRNA 总数 1039/135(13.0) -
BLAST分析表明,海南的犬肝簇虫的同源性为99.4%~100%,用MEGA-X软件选择本实验中获得的代表性犬肝簇虫18S rRNA基因序列构建支序图(图2)(三亚(OP699205)、乐东(OP699206)、定安(OP699207)、琼中(OP699208)的阳性样品)。从图2中发现海南的犬肝簇虫(Hepatozoon canis LD3、Hepatozoon canis DA85、Hepatozoon canis SY1、Hepatozoon canis QZ4)与印度的犬肝簇虫(AF176835)均位于bootstrap支持度100的同一分支中,并在bootstrap支持度90的情况下与该属其他分支分离[猫肝簇虫(Hepatozoon felis ),美洲肝簇虫( Hepatozoon americium )]
Epidemiological investigation and genetic relationship of canine hepatozoonosis in Hainan Island
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摘要: 为了解近几年犬肝簇虫病在海南岛的流行情况,对其防控措施进行评估,便于更好地对海南岛的犬肝簇虫病进行防治。采用PCR方法对2017年10月至2022年5月海南岛18个市县的1 039份犬血样品进行犬肝簇虫(Hepatozoon canis)的检测。共检测出135份犬血样品呈阳性,感染率为13.0%,其中,海口(20.7%)、三亚(20.6%)、屯昌(33.3%)等地犬肝簇虫感染率较高;文昌市(8.7%)、定安县(5.6%)、澄迈县(6.3%)、儋州市(5.0%)、琼中县(15.8%)、乐东县(18.8%)、昌江县(6.7%)等地均发现有犬感染犬肝簇虫。以三亚(OP699205)、乐东(OP699206)、定安(OP699207)、琼中(OP699208)的阳性样品基于犬肝簇虫18S rRNA基因构建支序图,结果发现海南岛的犬肝簇虫与印度的犬肝簇虫(AF176835)同源性(99.85%)最接近,并与猫肝簇虫(Hepatozoon felis),美洲肝簇虫(Hepatozoon americium)的分支分离。说明在海南岛的犬群中犬肝簇虫的感染率较高,需采用定期驱除犬肝簇虫的传播媒介血红扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus sanguineus)方式进行防治。Abstract: In order to understand the prevalence of Hepatozoon canis disease in Hainan in recent years, the prevention and control measures were evaluated for better control of Canine hepatozoonosis in Hainan. There were 1039 dog blood samples collected from 18 cities and counties in Hainan Province from October 2017 to May 2022, and they were detected for H. canis by PCR. Among the dog blood samples collected, 135 samples were found to be positive for H. canis, with an infection rate of 13.0%. Of the samples higher infection rates of H. canis were found in Haikou (20.7%), Sanya (20.6%), Tunchang (33.3%), and some infections of H. canis were also found in Wenchang (8.7%), Dingan (5.6%), Chengmai (6.3%), Danzhou (5.0%), Qiongzhong (15.8%), Ledong (18.8%) and Changjiang (6.7%). The positive samples from Sanya (OP699205), Ledong (OP699206), Dingan (OP699207) and Qiongzhong (OP699208) were selected to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the 18S rRNA of the H. canis. It was found that the homology of H. canis in Hainan was the closest to that of H. canis (AF176835) in India, which was 99.85%, and was also separated from that of the branches of H. felis and H. americanum. This shows that the dogs in Hainan Island has a high infection rate of H.canis. The prevention and treatment of H.canis requires regular elimination of the transmission vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus .
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Key words:
- Hepatozoon canis /
- PCR /
- infection rate /
- epidemiology /
- Hainan
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表 1 海南岛18个市县犬肝簇虫感染率
测序方法 市/县 犬肝簇虫
样品数量/阳性数量
(感染率/%)18S rRNA 海口市 435/90(20.7) 18S rRNA 文昌市 46/4(8.7) 18S rRNA 琼海市 34/0(0) 18S rRNA 定安县 232/13(5.6) 18S rRNA 澄迈县 16/1(6.3) 18S rRNA 临高县 12/0(0) 18S rRNA 儋州市 60/3(5.0) 18S rRNA 琼中黎族苗族自治县 19/3(15.8) 18S rRNA 保亭黎族苗族自治县 24/0(0) 18S rRNA 万宁市 18/0(0) 18S rRNA 五指山市 12/0(0) 18S rRNA 三亚市 34/7(20.6) 18S rRNA 乐东黎族自治县 16/3(18.8) 18S rRNA 陵水黎族自治县 4/0(0) 18S rRNA 白沙黎族自治县 11/0(0) 18S rRNA 昌江黎族自治县 15/1(6.7) 18S rRNA 东方市 21/0(0) 18S rRNA 屯昌县 30/10(33.3) 18S rRNA 总数 1039/135(13.0) -
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