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斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)别名铃木氏果蝇,隶属双翅目(Diptera),环列亚目(Cyclorrhapha),果蝇科(Drosophilidae)果蝇属 (Drosophila),是主要的水果果实害虫。斑翅果蝇传播范围广、速度快,自1916年在日本山梨县首次发现后迅速蔓延,已严重危害了美国、日本、俄罗斯等30多个国家的樱桃、蓝莓等水果产业,并被多个国家列为重要的检疫性害虫[1-3]。现如今我国大部分水果产区,广西、广东、云南、台湾等省均有危害记载,山东、辽宁、黑龙江等北方省份也相继报道过斑翅果蝇的危害情况[4-7]。斑翅果蝇寄主广泛,危害严重,危害对象包括樱桃、葡萄、柿子、杨梅、蓝莓等18科60多种水果[5, 8]。斑翅果蝇不同于其他果蝇,除取食落地果和受损果实外,其雌性成虫坚硬的锯齿状产卵器,能将成熟皮软的果实表皮刺破,在其内产卵,幼虫取食危害,造成严重的经济损失[5]。我国出口澳大利亚的油桃、葡萄等水果曾因为有可能携带斑翅果蝇而被要求实施检疫处理[9]。
由于斑翅果蝇具有传播广、繁殖快、危害严重等特点,目前对于防治斑翅果蝇最直接有效的手段还是化学防治[10]。而长期过量使用化学农药会导致昆虫对某些杀虫剂的敏感性明显降低而产生抗药性[11]。最新研究发现,在实验室药剂汰选下,斑翅果蝇可以在短时间内对氯氰菊酯、马拉硫磷和多杀菌素产生抗性[12-13]。昆虫产生抗药性的主要机制之一是其体内的代谢解毒酶的活性显著增高,将杀虫剂转化为极易溶于水的极性分子,通过一系列氧化还原作用、水解作用、轭合作用和基团转移作用,将其排出体外,从而增强对杀虫剂的解毒能力,这种机制称为代谢抗性[14]。参与代谢反应的解毒酶通常被分为5类:ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCs)、细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450, CYPs)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterases, CarEs)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDP-glucuronosyl transferases, UGTs)。昆虫的解毒代谢过程分为3个阶段:① 细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450, CYPs)参与第一阶段[15]。细胞色素P450酶系广泛分布于生物体内,主要由细胞色素P450、细胞色素b5、黄素蛋白-NADPH-P-450还原酶、黄素蛋白-NADH-细胞色素b5还原酶以及磷脂组成,是参与外源和内源化合物合成和分解的一种重要代谢酶系, CYPs 氧化代谢活性的增强是昆虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂产生抗性的重要机制[16] 。也有研究表明冈比亚按蚊对氯菊酯的抗性增强与其体内的CYP6P3基因表达过量有关[17]。② 3类解毒酶参与代谢解毒过程的第二阶段[18],谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶属于多功能的超家族解毒酶系,通常认为昆虫通过GSTs的共轭结合、脱氯化氢、螯合以及提高细胞的抗氧化活性等一系列作用来代谢外源有毒物质,从而产生抗药性[19]。羧酸酯酶作为一种重要的解毒酶,存在于昆虫头部、中肠、马氏管等组织中,它对外源生物分子的高亲和性和解毒作用是昆虫对有机磷类和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂产生抗性的重要原因[20]。尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶是一类广泛存在于动物、植物、细菌以及病毒内的多功能超家族酶系[21], 参与动物、植物、细菌和病毒等生物体内各种化合物的解毒作用,可以将核糖核苷酸中的糖基团催化形成亲水性化合物并有效排出体外[22] 。③ 第三阶段由ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCs)参与代谢解毒过程。ABC转运蛋白能够直接将极性化合物或复合物以及其他外源有毒物质泵出细胞外,而不需要经过其他酶的修饰,从而起到排毒和保护昆虫的作用[23]。家蚕体内ABC转运蛋白的表达上调可以降低其对杀虫剂的敏感性[24]。
通过分析基因进化关系以及蛋白保守结构域可以鉴定基因的类别、解析基因的功能,随着全基因组测序技术的不断进步和发展,以及大量昆虫全基因组测序的完成,此类研究日益增多。梅洋、Yang等分别通过草地贪夜蛾sf9细胞系的基因组数据和脑转录组数据,鉴定并注释了草地贪夜蛾的解毒酶相关基因家族[25-26];基于基因组和转录组数据,尹传林等解析了二化螟的抗药性相关基因以及寄生蜂细胞色素P450的基因家族[27- 28]。同时此类研究也被应用于昆虫化学感受相关基因和表皮蛋白基因等方面[29,-30]。但在斑翅果蝇中还未有对其解毒代谢相关基因的鉴定与分析,本研究拟从NCBI中获得斑翅果蝇的转录组数据,对其与代谢解毒相关的5个主要基因家族进行分类,并分析它们的保守结构域与氨基酸残基,以期为斑翅果蝇的防治提供新的思路和途径。
Identification and analysis of detoxification genes in Drosophila suzukii Matsumura
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摘要: 根据斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)的转录组数据,通过序列分析、进化分析、结构域及保守氨基酸分析,鉴定出5种斑翅果蝇的解毒代谢基因,包括ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCs)、细胞色素P450单加氧酶(cytochrome P450, CYPs)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterases,CarEs)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDP-glucuronosyl transferases, UGTs)。进化分析结果显示,斑翅果蝇的CYPs基因分布于CYP3、CYP4、CYP6、CYP9四个进化分支,ABCs基因分布于ABCC、ABCD、ABCF、ABCG四个亚家族, GSTs基因分布于GST-Delta、GST-Epsilon、GST-Theta以及GST-Zeta四个进化分支,斑翅果蝇的CarEs基因和UGTs基因与亚艳丽果蝇(Drosophila subpulchrella)的遗传距离最近;结构域及保守氨基酸分析结果表明所有的CYPs均包含P450结构域;ABCs中都包含ABC2结构域;在GSTs中都含有GST结构域;在CarEs中包含Coesterases结构域;在UGTs中含有UDPGT结构域。CYPs的保守基序为EEGGKKRNDFLDLLJZLKKEG,ABCs的保守基序为DCPSASNPADYIIE,GSTs的保守基序为LYPKDLVKRAVVDQRLHFE。Abstract: Drosophila suzukii Matsumura is a worldwide fruit pest. Based on the transcriptome of D. suzukii, five metabolic detoxification genes were identified by using sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, structural domain analysis and conserved motif analyses. These five genes include ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCs), cytochrome P450 (CYPs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases (CarEs) and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGTs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CYPs genes were classified into four clans, CYP3, CYP4, CYP6 and CYP9, while ABCs genes fell into four clans, ABCC, ABCD, ABCF and ABCG. GSTs genes were classified into GST-Delta, GST-Epsilon, GST-Theta and GST-Zeta. The CarEs genes and UGTs genes of D. suzukii were the closest to those of Drosophila subpulchrella. Structural domain and conserved motif analyses showed that CYPs had a conserved P450 domain; ABCs had a conserved ABC2 domain; GSTs had a conserved GST domain; CarEs had a conserved Coestrases domain; UGTs had a conserved UDPGT domain. Conservative motifs of CYPs were EEGGKKRNDFLDLLJZLKKEG. Conservative motifs of ABCs were DCPSASNPADYIIE. Conservative motifs of GSTs were LYPKDLVKRAVVDQRLHFE.
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Key words:
- Drosophila suzukii /
- metabolic detoxification gene /
- phylogenetic /
- protein domain /
- conserved motif
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