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大叶桃花心木(Swietenia macrophylla)是楝科(Meliaceae)桃花心木亚科桃花心木属(Swietenia)多年生落叶乔木,原产于中美洲和南美洲,广泛分布于印度西部、马来西亚和中国南部[1]。由于大叶桃花心木具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗诱变、抗癌、抗肿瘤和抗糖尿病的药用活性,其果实和种子在很多亚洲国家被用于民间治疗各种疾病[2]。大叶桃花心木在农用活性方面的研究,如花、叶提取物对菜青虫(Pieris rapae)、斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)、桃花心木斑螟(Hypsipyla grandella)等农林害虫具有较好的拒食和毒杀活性;其种子提取物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)具有一定的抑制活性[3-7],但关于其精油的农用研究鲜见报道。植物精油直接来源于植物生物系统,可作为宿主植物防御微生物入侵机制的一部分,为此,植物精油被视为天然的抗菌剂[8]。植物精油可用于食品储存以防止病原菌入侵引起食品腐烂变质;植物精油还可用于防治田间有害生物,实现绿色农业经济效益。由于精油具有可生物降解性、高挥发性和低残留等特点,对生态环境不会造成负面影响,被视为绿色农药开发的重要来源之一。本研究以大叶桃花心木的花粉为原材料,通过超临界CO2萃取花粉精油,测试花粉精油的杀虫活性和抑菌活性,旨在为大叶桃花心木花粉精油农用价值开发提供理论依据。
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处理12 h的结果为大叶桃花心木花粉精油2 g·L−1浓度的莴苣指管蚜致死率为58.3%,棉蚜致死率为5%;2 g·L−1 1%乳油印楝素处理的莴苣指管蚜、棉蚜的致死率均为100%,均显著高于2 g·L−1大叶桃花心木花粉精油处理。处理24 h的结果为大叶桃花心木花粉精油对2种蚜虫的致死率均有所升高,莴苣指管蚜致死率可达81.7%,棉蚜致死率为26%(图1)。总体来看,大叶桃花心木花粉精油对莴苣指管蚜具有较好的触杀活性,对棉蚜的触杀毒力不理想,但随着处理时间的增加,对2种蚜虫的毒力都有所增加,说明精油的持效期较好,但大叶桃花心木花粉精油与标准药剂对照相比,活性不如对照药剂。
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处理12、24 h的结果为2 g·L−1大叶桃花心木花粉精油对3龄斜纹夜蛾拒食活性均不理想,选择性拒食作用和非选择性拒食作用的拒食率均显著低于2 g·L−1 1%印楝素乳油(药剂对照)的拒食活性(图2)。
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采用滤纸药膜法测定2 g·L−1浓度下,大叶桃花心木花粉精油和印楝素乳油对玉米象的驱避活性结果见图3。处理12 h,印楝素乳油的驱避率为46%,大叶桃花心木花粉精油的驱避率为76.1%,显著高于印楝素乳油;24 h时印楝素乳油的驱避率为82%,大叶桃花心木花粉精油驱避率87.9%,与印楝素乳油效果相当。
图 3 大叶桃花心木花粉精油对玉米象的驱避活性
Figure 3. Repellent activity of the essential oil extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla against Sitophilus zeamais
为进一步研究大叶桃花心木花粉精油对玉米象的驱避效果,试验选取了5个浓度(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0和8.0 g·L−1)的精油测定对玉米象12、24 和48 h的驱避效果,并计算对玉米象的毒力回归方程。由结果可知(表1),不同处理时间的方程相关系数R值均大于0.9,可见方程相关性好,可信度高;12、24、48 h的驱避中浓度(LC50)依次为0.11、2.54、5.86 g·L−1,可见随着处理时间的延长,大叶桃花心木花粉精油驱避效果有所下降。
表 1 大叶桃花心木花粉精油对玉米象的驱避毒力测定
Table 1. Determination of repellent toxicity of the essential oil extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla to Sitophilus zeamais
测定时间/h Time 回归方程 Regression equation R值 LC50/(g·L−1) 置信区间 Confidence interval 12 y = 0.7879x +5.7709 0.9954 0.11 0.05~0.24 24 y = 1.15131x + 4.5344 0.9776 2.54 1.73~3.73 48 y = 1.0520x + 4.1923 0.9515 5.86 3.06~11.22 -
由图4可知,大叶桃花心木花粉精油对不同的植物病原真菌的抑制效果不同,对芒果蒂腐、水稻稻瘟、香蕉炭疽和芒果炭疽病菌均表现出良好的抑制效果,抑制率分别达81.21%、74.32%、69.17%和61.76%;对香蕉枯萎病菌和西瓜枯萎病菌的抑制效果较差。
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由表2可知,测定的毒力方程R值均大于0.9,说明方程相关性好,可信度高;大叶桃花心木花粉精油对食品微生物(匍枝根霉和黑曲霉)的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为18.79 g·L−1和7.94 g·L−1,表明,黑曲霉对该精油更为敏感。
表 2 大叶桃花心木花粉精油对匍枝根霉和黑曲霉抑菌活性统计分析
Table 2. Statistical analysis of baceriostatic activity of the essential oil extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla against Rhizopus nigricans and Aspergillus niger
靶标菌 Bacterium 回归方程 Regression equation R EC50/(g·L−1) 置信区间 Confidence interval 匍枝根霉 y = 0.7576x + 4.0349 0.9979 18.79 18.42~19.25 黑曲霉 y = 1.0332x + 4.0700 0.9849 7.94 5.19~8.82
Insecticidal and Bacteriostatic Activities of the Essential oil Extracted from the Pollen of Swietenia macrophylla
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摘要: 采用超临界CO2萃取大叶桃花心木( Swietenia macrophylla )花粉精油,并研究其对4种田间害虫的杀虫活性以及8种植物病原真菌的抑菌效果。结果表明,在2 g·L−1浓度下,大叶桃花心木花粉精油对莴苣指管蚜( Uroleucon formosanum )具有很好的触杀活性,对玉米象(Sitophilus zeamais)有较好的驱避活性,但对棉蚜( Aphis gossypii )的触杀活性和3龄斜纹夜蛾( Spodoptera litura )的拒食活性均较低;对芒果蒂腐病菌( Phomosis mangiferae )、水稻稻瘟病菌( Pyricularia oryzae )、香蕉炭疽病菌( Colletotrichum musae )、芒果炭疽病菌[ C. gloeosporioides ( Penz. )]的菌丝生长具有明显的抑制效果,但对香蕉枯萎病菌( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense )和西瓜枯萎病菌( F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum )抑制效果稍差;匍枝根霉病菌( Rhizopus nigricans )和黑曲霉病菌( Aspergillus niger )对该精油较敏感,抑制中浓度(EC50
)分别为18.79、7.94 g·L−1。 Abstract: Essential oil was extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla by supercritical carbon dioxide, and its insecticidal activity against four species of field insect pests and its bacteriostatic effect against eight species of pathogenic fungi were determined. The results showed that the essential oil extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla had significant contact activity against Uroleucon formosanum and excellent repellent activity against Sitophilus zeamais, but low contact toxicity to Aphis gossypii and antifeedant activity to the third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura.; and tThe pollen essential oil could effectively inhibit the growth of Phomopsis mangiferae, Pyricutaria oryzae, Calletotrichum musae, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, but had a less inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum at the concentration of 2 g·L−1. Rhizopus nigricans and Aspergillus niger were sensitive to the pollen essential oil with the EC50 values of the essential oil being 18.79 g·L−1 and 7.94 g·L−1, respectively.-
Key words:
- Swietenia macrophylla /
- pollen essential oil /
- insecticidal /
- bacteriostatic /
- activity
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表 1 大叶桃花心木花粉精油对玉米象的驱避毒力测定
Table 1 Determination of repellent toxicity of the essential oil extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla to Sitophilus zeamais
测定时间/h Time 回归方程 Regression equation R值 LC50/(g·L−1) 置信区间 Confidence interval 12 y = 0.7879x +5.7709 0.9954 0.11 0.05~0.24 24 y = 1.15131x + 4.5344 0.9776 2.54 1.73~3.73 48 y = 1.0520x + 4.1923 0.9515 5.86 3.06~11.22 表 2 大叶桃花心木花粉精油对匍枝根霉和黑曲霉抑菌活性统计分析
Table 2 Statistical analysis of baceriostatic activity of the essential oil extracted from the pollen of Swietenia macrophylla against Rhizopus nigricans and Aspergillus niger
靶标菌 Bacterium 回归方程 Regression equation R EC50/(g·L−1) 置信区间 Confidence interval 匍枝根霉 y = 0.7576x + 4.0349 0.9979 18.79 18.42~19.25 黑曲霉 y = 1.0332x + 4.0700 0.9849 7.94 5.19~8.82 -
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