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槟榔是仅次于烟草、含酒精和含咖啡因成分饮品之外的世界第4大常用嗜好品。在全球范围,至少有6亿人日常食用槟榔[1-2]。在中国就有1亿人食用槟榔[3]。槟榔食用者主要集中在亚太地区,包括印度、孟加拉国、缅甸、斯里兰卡、巴布亚新几内亚、柬埔寨、马来西亚及中国[1];咀嚼槟榔在这些地区是一种世代相传的民俗文化,在世界民族文化和历史发展中具有重要的地位。随着亚太地区人们向欧美等国移民和旅游增多,槟榔也在世界范围内得到广泛的传播。
槟榔的流行并非是因为它本身拥有香甜可口的味道或香味。多数情况下,人们并不会直接食用槟榔鲜果,通常是用蒌叶(betel leaf)将槟榔种子和熟石灰包裹,并添加香料或甜味剂。添加熟石灰会使槟榔产品的pH值升高,增加精神活性成分(如槟榔碱)的传递和吸收[4]。食用过程中常添加多种调味品,包括传统香料(如豆蔻、藏红花、丁香、茴香、姜黄和芥末)、甜味剂(如椰子和干枣)和调味料(如薄荷醇和薄荷)[5],因地域口味而异。在所罗门群岛和巴布亚新几内亚,常用蒌叶包裹槟榔种子[6],而在其他太平洋岛屿上,没有蒌叶的槟榔则更常见;太平洋岛民和中国台湾地区的人们常食用整个未成熟的槟榔果实[7];中国大陆地区的人们则主要食用未成熟的果皮[8]。槟榔流行的主要原因是其类似烟草的成瘾性,并且相较于仅食用槟榔,食用添加烟草的槟榔的依赖性更大[7, 9]。据报道,多数人将槟榔与烟草一起食用。此外,食用熟石灰作为添加成分也会提高食用者的依赖性[10]:一项针对中国台湾、中国大陆、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、斯里兰卡和尼泊尔6个国家(地区)的研究发现,食用无烟草而添加生石灰的槟榔制品食用者,更可能降低其对烟草的依赖性[11]。有研究者针对伦敦印度裔居民对槟榔的依赖性进行过研究,并设计了槟榔依赖量表,以评估其依赖程度[9]。槟榔中主要的精神活性剂是槟榔碱(arecoline)及其衍生物,这是一类在毒蕈碱受体上起激动剂作用的生物碱,该生物碱可能作用于中枢神经系统,使之产生兴奋感[12];研究结果还表明,槟榔碱对某些乙酰胆碱受体有影响,这可能也是其产生依赖性的原因之一[13]。槟榔碱和尼古丁成瘾的分子机制之间存在共同的协同联系,因为槟榔碱和尼古丁均作用于大脑中相同的受体蛋白,部分激动剂疗法也可用于辅助戒烟[13],此研究结果表明,用于戒除尼古丁依赖性的药物(如野靛碱、瓦伦尼克林)对戒断槟榔的成瘾性也可能有效[13]。
槟榔可用于制备多种产品(表1)[14]。目前在市场上除了传统槟榔产品以外,还有多种新形式的槟榔制品。如作为戒烟药添加剂、运动兴奋剂、电子烟添加剂、功能饮料添加剂、牙膏添加剂、口腔清新剂和槟榔油等[15-18]。但这些产品通常在本地加工,制作工艺粗糙,没有实现标准化生产。在小作坊生产中,曾发现使用有毒工业染料作为着色剂的产品,也有因储存不当而生霉或腐败后产生黄曲霉素等有毒物质的产品[19-20]。
名称
Common name使用国家(地区)
Consuming country/region产品描述
Product description槟榔 (Binglang) 中国大陆地区 批量化或手工制作的产品;由干制后的果皮,添加香料、甜味剂与其他成分(如葡萄干、枸杞等)混合而成。 中国台湾省和海南省 新鲜未成熟果皮或整个果实,包裹蒌叶并添加石灰粉(贝壳或石灰石烧制) Paan 孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、印度、密克罗尼西亚联邦、老挝、马来西亚、马尔代夫、缅甸、巴布亚新几内亚、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、帕劳、新加坡、斯里兰卡、泰国、阿联酋、英国、越南 商业或供应商准备的包装产品,或用烟草制作的手工产品;包含槟榔、熟石灰、蒌叶和槟榔提取物,不同区域添加不同的成分,如豆蔻、藏红花、丁香、大茴香、姜黄、芥末、甜味剂、玫瑰水、薄荷或其他香料。 Betel quid 巴布亚新几内亚、所罗门群岛 定制或手工制作的产品;是蒌叶、槟榔种子或蒌叶的果实和石灰粉的组合,可添加其他成分和香料,通常在添加或不添加其他成分后,将槟榔用蒌叶包裹或不包裹而制成。 Gutkha or gutka 孟加拉国、印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡 商业生产和包装形式的烟草产品,其中包含槟榔种子碎片和槟榔提取物,将它们与各种调味剂(有时还包括甜味剂)混合在一起。 Khaini, khoini 孟加拉国、不丹、印度、尼泊尔 商业制备或定制产品,其中包含烟草粉末和熟石灰糊,有时含有槟榔种子。 Mainpuri 北方邦、印度 包含烟草、槟榔种子、樟脑和丁香的手工或定制产品。 Mawa, kharra 古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、印度 手工或定制产品;本地生产并包装在玻璃纸中,其中包含小片槟榔种子(95%),与烟草片和熟石灰混合,然后将混合物揉在一起。 Naswar (niswar) 阿富汗、印度、巴基斯坦 烟草的定制形式,包括熟石灰、灰分、油,有时包括调味剂(最常见的是薄荷醇和豆蔻)和着色剂(如靛蓝)等。 Zaarda or zarda 孟加拉国、不丹、印度、缅甸、尼泊尔、
英国、也门商业生产的产品;包含烟草、石灰、香料、植物染料:在破碎的烟叶中加入石灰和香料,煮沸,将混合物干燥并用植物染料上色;有时与槟榔种子混合。 Table 1. A selection of key betel quid and areca nut products, their common forms, and countries of use[14]
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