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Volume 11 Issue 4
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JIANG Naiqi, ZHONG Shengyun, YU Xuebiao. Interspecific Associations in the Phoebe tavoyana Secondary Forest Communities in the Low-altitude Area of Mount Wuzhishan[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(4): 479-486. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.04.011
Citation: JIANG Naiqi, ZHONG Shengyun, YU Xuebiao. Interspecific Associations in the Phoebe tavoyana Secondary Forest Communities in the Low-altitude Area of Mount Wuzhishan[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(4): 479-486. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.04.011

Interspecific Associations in the Phoebe tavoyana Secondary Forest Communities in the Low-altitude Area of Mount Wuzhishan

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.04.011
  • Received Date: 2019-03-06
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-10-01
  • Available Online: 2020-12-28
  • Publish Date: 2021-01-27
  • An attempt was made to analyze the interspecific associations between the tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer within the Phoebe tavoyana (Meissn.) Hook f secondary forest communities in the low-altitude areas of Mount Wuzhishan in Hainan Province with a view to making clear the inherent laws between community succession and association for the conservation, restoration and reestablishment of the P. tavoyana natural secondary communities in the low-altitude areas of Mount Wuzhishan. Based on the quadrat survey the overall associations among the populations of 19 tree species, 15 shrub species and 10 herbaceous species within the 8 quadrat sampling sites of the P. tavoyana secondary forest communities which have been restored for the longest time duration were analyzed by using 2×2 contingency table, variance ratio method, chi-square test and Jaccard indexes. The analysis showed that the overall associations among the dominant populations were not significantly correlated at the tree and shrub layers in the P. tavoyana secondary forest communities. The Jaccard indexes were highly consistent with the results of the chi-square test. There were more species pairs with positive than negative correlation. The species pairs with significantly positive correlation were in the minority, while those with insignificantly positive correlation were in the majority. The overall associations among the dominant populations at the herb layer were significantly negatively correlated, with a small number of herbaceous species positively correlated and a large number of herbaceous species negatively correlated, which suggests fierce competition for sunlight and heat resources among the herbaceous species. It is concluded that the P. tavoyana secondary forest communities in the low-altitude areas of Mount Wuzhishan in Hainan are loosely structured.
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Interspecific Associations in the Phoebe tavoyana Secondary Forest Communities in the Low-altitude Area of Mount Wuzhishan

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.04.011

Abstract: An attempt was made to analyze the interspecific associations between the tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer within the Phoebe tavoyana (Meissn.) Hook f secondary forest communities in the low-altitude areas of Mount Wuzhishan in Hainan Province with a view to making clear the inherent laws between community succession and association for the conservation, restoration and reestablishment of the P. tavoyana natural secondary communities in the low-altitude areas of Mount Wuzhishan. Based on the quadrat survey the overall associations among the populations of 19 tree species, 15 shrub species and 10 herbaceous species within the 8 quadrat sampling sites of the P. tavoyana secondary forest communities which have been restored for the longest time duration were analyzed by using 2×2 contingency table, variance ratio method, chi-square test and Jaccard indexes. The analysis showed that the overall associations among the dominant populations were not significantly correlated at the tree and shrub layers in the P. tavoyana secondary forest communities. The Jaccard indexes were highly consistent with the results of the chi-square test. There were more species pairs with positive than negative correlation. The species pairs with significantly positive correlation were in the minority, while those with insignificantly positive correlation were in the majority. The overall associations among the dominant populations at the herb layer were significantly negatively correlated, with a small number of herbaceous species positively correlated and a large number of herbaceous species negatively correlated, which suggests fierce competition for sunlight and heat resources among the herbaceous species. It is concluded that the P. tavoyana secondary forest communities in the low-altitude areas of Mount Wuzhishan in Hainan are loosely structured.

JIANG Naiqi, ZHONG Shengyun, YU Xuebiao. Interspecific Associations in the Phoebe tavoyana Secondary Forest Communities in the Low-altitude Area of Mount Wuzhishan[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(4): 479-486. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.04.011
Citation: JIANG Naiqi, ZHONG Shengyun, YU Xuebiao. Interspecific Associations in the Phoebe tavoyana Secondary Forest Communities in the Low-altitude Area of Mount Wuzhishan[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(4): 479-486. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.04.011
  • 种间关系是群落演替研究和群落多样性研究中重要的数量和结构特征[1-3]。种间联结是指不同物种在空间分布上的相互关联性[4],用于描述群落组成物种间在特定时期内的非动态变化,是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一[5]。目前针对种间关联性的分析已有不少报道[6-9]。乌心楠(Phoebe tavoyana)隶属于樟科楠属常绿阔叶树种,是在我国热带和亚热带地区用途广泛的乡土阔叶树种;其在建筑、造船方面有较高的利用价值。乌心楠是分布于海南省五指山区域低海拔次生林的主要阔叶树种之一[10]。近年来,鲜见以海南五指山区域低海拔乌心楠群对象的研究报道,为此,笔者对海南五指山区域低海拔乌心楠群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层优势种的种间关联展开研究,为全面了解该地区乌心楠群落的种间关系、群落结构和演替动态提供资料。

  • 目标区域设置在海南省五指山市毛阳镇畅好乡公益林区域内,位于海南五指山市北部(东经109°28′~109°29′,北纬18°42′~18°43′)。样地的气候属热带雨林季风气候,年平均气温21 ℃,年降水量1 770 mm;样地海拔310 ~470 m为低海拔山区,地势坡度起伏较小(坡度:20°~40°);样地土壤为砂质红壤;样地植被类型为热带常绿阔叶林。样地主要为生长在小丘陵半山的次生林,植物区系地理成分复杂,热带性质明显,主要乔木植物为银柴(Aporosa chinensis)和乌心楠等。样地自1989年划归为公益林后,受人为活动危害小,乔木生长旺盛,林窗小。

  • 笔者采用野外调查法进行研究。通过查阅资料与现场调查,于2017年7月选择海南省五指山低地次生林进行调查,选择人为干预轻且具有代表性的地块设置8块标准样地,总面积为2 400 m2,每块样地面积为400 m2 (20 m×20 m)。采用相邻网格调查法,将样地分为4个10 m×10 m的乔木样方,在4个角设置4个5 m×5 m的灌木样方,在4个角及样方中间位置设置5个1 m×1 m的草本样方,以每个小样方作为调查单元。在乔木样方内,每木必查,记录乔木的林木位置,树种、胸径、株数、高度等林分因子和林下植被情况;在灌木样方内,主要调查灌木和草本种类、盖度、分布等情况。用罗盘仪来详细记录样地的坡向以及坡度,用GPS来记录各样地的经纬度和海拔。

  • 重要值计算公式:

    乔木层重要值(Important value of Tree)=(相对多度+相对频度+相对显著度)/3;

    灌木层重要值(Important value of Shrub)=(相对多度+相对高度+相对盖度+相对频度)×100/4;

    草本层重要值(Important value of Herb)=(相对多度+相对高度+相对盖度+相对频度)×100/4;

    其中,相对多度指某一物种个体数占全部物种个体总数的百分比;相对高度指某一物种数出现的高度占所有物种总高度的比例;相对显著度指某个树种的胸高断面积占全部树种胸高断面积的总胸断面积的比例;相对盖度指某个物种的盖度占所有物种的总盖度的百分比;相对频度指某一物种数出现的样方数占总样方数比例[11-12]

  • 通过计算恢复后期群落乔木层、灌木层的重要值,选出乔木层19个物种、灌木层15个物种作为群落优势进行种群关联性分析。通过分析天然树种的种间关系,排除干扰因素,采用零联结模型导出方差比率。导出公式如下:

    式中:${\delta _T}$指所有物种出现的频度的方差;S指总的物种数;ST表示所有样方物种数的方差;N指总样方数;Tj指样方内i出现的研究物种总数;t表示样方中物种平均数;Pi指物种i出现的频度;ni指物种i出现的样方数;VR指种群内植被种间的总体关联指数。

    独立性假设下VR的期望值是1,若VR>1,物种间表现为正联结;若VR<1,物种间表现为负联结。采用统计量$ W\left( {W = VR \times N} \right) $来检验VR值偏离1显著程度。

    x2统计量一般是用于测定实测值与预测值在概率基础上的偏差的显著度,根据2×2列联表,用x2来测定成对物种的联结性[13],公式如下:

    式中:a指两个物种同时出现的样方数;bc分别指只有其中一个物种出现的样方数;d指两个物种都未出现的样方数;N指总样方数。当$ ad > bc $时为正联结,$ ad < bc $时为负联结。通常$P \geqslant 0.05\left( {{x^2} \leqslant 3.841} \right)$时,成对的2个物种独立分布;$0.01 \leqslant P < 0.05\left( {3.841 < {x^2} \leqslant 6.635} \right)$时,种间关联显著;$ P < 0.01\left( {{x^2} > 6.635} \right) $时,种间关联极显著[14-15]。通过Jaccard(JI)指数来测定种对间相伴随出现的联结性程度和概率。

    式中,当$ a=0 $$ JI=0 $,即无关联;当$ a=N $时,$JI=1 $,即关联最紧密。

  • 对数据进行标准化处理,用Excel2007与R studio对五指山低地次生林进行矩阵分析,得出x2检验和JI指数的半矩阵图。

  • 根据表1的分析结果:①乔木层方差比率(Variance ratio,VRVR=1.23>1,表明乔木层物种为不显著正关联;W=18.25,在临界值范围内,说明所选取的19个乔木主要种群种间总体联结性不显著。②灌木层VR=1.03>1,表明灌木层物种为不显著正关联;W=15.95,在临界范围内,说明所选取的15个灌木主要种群种间总体联结性不显著。③草本层VR=0.22,表明草本层物种为显著负关联;W=2.15,在临界值范围外,说明草本层的总体联结性呈显著负相关,种间关系不稳定,群落结构松散。

    层次
    Layer
    方差比率
    VR
    检验统
    计量W
    χ2临界值
    χ20.9510,χ20.0510)
    检测结果
    Result
    乔木层 Tree Layer 1.23 18.25 (7.66,25.00) 不显著正关联 Not significantly positive correlation
    灌木层 Shrub Layer 1.03 15.95 (7.66,25.00) 不显著正关联 Not significantly positive correlation
    草本层 Herb Layer 0.22 2.15 (7.66,25.00) 显著负关联 Significantly negative correlation

    Table 1.  Overall interspecific associations among dominant plant populations at different layers

  • 图1x2检验结果表明,由乔木中选取19个重要值较大的优势树种组成的170对种间关系进行x2分析得到其种间关联性,其中有71对呈现出正相关,占据总对数41.76%;有64对呈现出负相关,占据总对数的37.65%,有35对为不相关,占据总对数的20.59%。结果说明,海南省五指山地区低海拔乌心楠次生林群落整体结构稳定,绝大多数种对正关联,与总体不显著正关联的结果(表1)一致。

    Figure 1.  Semi-matrix of x2 correction test

    通过JI半矩阵图(图2)分析可知,群落中x2检验为正联结的树种对JI指数都高于负联结种对JI指数数值,指数为零的共计36对树种对,说明JI指数在反映种对间关联性方面与关联程度相一致。6对树种对的JI指数等于1,分别为毛柿与九节、粗糠柴与九节、山石榴与谷木、印度栲与银合欢、多穗科与谷木、印度栲与勒欓花椒;JI等于0的种对有36对,说明在该群落中36对树种连接性弱,即不会在同一个样方中出现。

    Figure 2.  Semi-matrix of Jaccard index

  • 根据图3x2检验结果,乔木层乌心楠群落中15个优势种对所组成的105个种对关联性中,正联结的种对有50对,负联结的种对有13对,分别占总种对数的47.6%和12.4%、,无联结的种对有42对,占总种对数的40.7%。其中,显著正联结的种对数仅有2对。显然,正关联种对在总体之中比例最大;负关联种对在总体之中比例最小;而无关联的种对数仅次于正关联种对数。正关联种对数在灌木层中的比例高于乔木层中的比例,负关联和无关联的种对数相对于乔木层中的比例有所下降,原因可能是随着演替的进行,为林下灌木的生长提供了好的阴荫环境。

    Figure 3.  Semi-matrix of correction test

    根据图4,灌木层Jaccard指数半矩阵图中灌木层优势种间值最大为1,分别是乌心楠和谷木、皂帽花和海南栲,这说明这四个物种之间相互联结最为紧密,彼此之间互利共生。由图3可见,正联结种对的数值较小,说明整体联结性较弱,这与灌木层优势种群整体呈不显著正关联的结论相一致。

    Figure 4.  Semi-matrix of Jaccard index

  • 采用χ2检验分析了10种草本共计45个种对关联性(图5)。草本层种间正关联10对,比例为22%;负关联35对,占总对数的78%,符合其总体关联性为显著负关联。草本层种群的正关联种对数较少,负关联种对数比例较高,说明该群落草本层在林下对资源(光、热)的争夺激烈。作为草本层的两大优势种牛筋草与飞机草,关联性为负关联,相互排斥。与乔木层、灌木层相比,草本层负关联比重最大,处于不稳定状态。

    Figure 5.  Interspecific association at the herb layer

    Jaccard指数半矩阵图显示,JI值等于0的种对有33个,占总对数的73%。飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)和藤竹草(Panicum incomtum)的JI值最高,达0.85,这两物种存在互利共生。

  • 海南五指山区域低海拔次生林群落乔木层、灌木层上表现为较多的正联结,但显著性较低,只有少部分种对间存在显著的相关性,大部分种对间的联结关系不显著正关联,种对间相关性较弱。这一现象与海南中部丘陵区鸭脚木次生林群落调查[16]和对海南文昌天然森林种间联结性针对乔木层、灌木层种间关联研究结果[17]相同。分析原因可能是群落自身的生态学特性生物学特性以及群落演替的进程有关,也可能与该地区所处群落曾受到一定的破坏,热带森林物种多样性高,种间竞争激烈,化感反应等因素,种间相遇的概率低,因而物种之间形成了联结性弱的特点,群落的这种关系体现了热带群落特别是处于演替初期的群落在发展过程中种群间保持相互对独立分布的特点。海南五指山区域低海拔次生林群落草本层则表现相反,即呈现为较多的负关联。这可能与飞机草、金钟藤等入侵植物抑制了草本植物的生长;同时随着演替进行加剧了林下草本植物对光和热竞争的加剧,造成物种间竞争和排挤激烈。这一点与海南文昌海岸香蒲桃天然次生林[5]特征相似。

    本研究结果表明,海南五指山低海拔乌心楠次生林群落中在乔木层与灌木层正联结的种对所占比例较高;其中,乔木层VR=1.23>1,虽表现为正联结,但未达到显著水平;同时,林下草本层呈现出主要物种种间关联呈显著负相关,表明该群落虽然形成了一定程度的稳定结构,但未完全发育成熟,整体森林群落尚处于演替初级阶段,草本层群落结构不稳定。相同或相似生态习性物种的种间联结性一般表现为正相关[18-20]。其中在乔木层:毛柿—九节、粗糠柴—九节、山石榴—谷木、印度栲—银合欢、多穗科—谷木、印度栲—勒欓花椒种间关联性较高,呈显著正相关;黑面神与多树种种间关联性上呈正相关,说明其他大部分树种易与这些优势种混生形成相对稳定的群落。

    本研究结果表明,海南五指山低地乌心楠次生林群落3个层次的优势种具有各自的种间联结性特征。乔木灌木层的总体关联性表现出不显著正关联,乔木、灌木种间虽然存在一定的联系,但未能形成稳定、协调的搭配关系,尚处于演替的初级阶段,未形成稳定的群落结构。由于金钟藤、飞机草等入侵植物在草本层中占据了优势地位,使得草本层的总体联结性呈显著负相关,种间关系不稳定。在五指山低海拔区域进行植被恢复的过程中,宜充分考虑植物群落种间关联性特征,选择正联结性较强的树种对作为生态恢复树种,如毛柿—九节、粗糠柴—九节、山石榴—谷木等种对。

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