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YAN Wenqian, MENG Rui, XI Yu, CAI Bo, LIU Fuxiu, WU Shaoying. Risk analysis of the invation of Metcalfa pruinosa into China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230142
Citation: YAN Wenqian, MENG Rui, XI Yu, CAI Bo, LIU Fuxiu, WU Shaoying. Risk analysis of the invation of Metcalfa pruinosa into China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230142

Risk analysis of the invation of Metcalfa pruinosa into China

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230142
  • Received Date: 2024-03-02
  • Accepted Date: 2025-02-28
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-04-11
  • Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) is an invasive pest of the genus Solenopsis that originated in North America, spread rapidly after being accidentally introduced into Europe in the late 1970s, and has been found to invade East Asia in recent years. M. pruinosa is a highly polyphagous insect with low host specificity that colonizes a variety of trees, shrubs, fruit trees and crops in agricultural, forest and urban areas. Although not reported in China, the pest has the potential risk of invasion. A qualitative assessment and a semi-quantitative analysis of this pest were carried out by using the pest risk analysis program and multi-index comprehensive evaluation method according to the international and national standards of pest risk analysis. The semi-quantitative analysis showed that the comprehensive risk R value of this pest was 2.41. It is a highly dangerous pest in China, and it is a potential threat to important fruit trees such as citrus, plum and apple as well as soybean crops in China. It is hence suggested that quarantine departments strengthen the regulation and supervision of the products from the quarantined area, perform early monitoring and warning, and formulate effective quarantine and control methods for this pest in China.
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Risk analysis of the invation of Metcalfa pruinosa into China

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230142

Abstract: Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) is an invasive pest of the genus Solenopsis that originated in North America, spread rapidly after being accidentally introduced into Europe in the late 1970s, and has been found to invade East Asia in recent years. M. pruinosa is a highly polyphagous insect with low host specificity that colonizes a variety of trees, shrubs, fruit trees and crops in agricultural, forest and urban areas. Although not reported in China, the pest has the potential risk of invasion. A qualitative assessment and a semi-quantitative analysis of this pest were carried out by using the pest risk analysis program and multi-index comprehensive evaluation method according to the international and national standards of pest risk analysis. The semi-quantitative analysis showed that the comprehensive risk R value of this pest was 2.41. It is a highly dangerous pest in China, and it is a potential threat to important fruit trees such as citrus, plum and apple as well as soybean crops in China. It is hence suggested that quarantine departments strengthen the regulation and supervision of the products from the quarantined area, perform early monitoring and warning, and formulate effective quarantine and control methods for this pest in China.

YAN Wenqian, MENG Rui, XI Yu, CAI Bo, LIU Fuxiu, WU Shaoying. Risk analysis of the invation of Metcalfa pruinosa into China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230142
Citation: YAN Wenqian, MENG Rui, XI Yu, CAI Bo, LIU Fuxiu, WU Shaoying. Risk analysis of the invation of Metcalfa pruinosa into China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20230142
  • 霜梅蛾蜡蝉[Metcalfa pruinosa(Say,1830)]属于半翅目(Hemiptera)蛾蜡蝉科(Flatidae)蛾蜡蝉属(Metcalfa),是多种农作物和观赏植物的重要害虫,可刺吸为害导致寄主植物萎蔫、畸形,分泌蜜露和蜡质引发煤污病等,严重影响经济作物的品质,对寄主植物造成破坏甚至致其死亡[1]。霜梅蛾蜡蝉原分布于北美洲[2],1979年意外地从北美引入意大利[3],随后在欧洲迅速传播。该物种于2009年在俄罗斯[4]首次记录下来,2011年我国周边的韩国报道霜梅蛾蜡蝉造成中部地区的许多落叶林树木、观赏树木和农业作物的严重破坏[5]。2019年在乌克兰敖德萨州也报道出现[6]。该虫已被多个国家列为检疫性或限定性有害生物[7]。目前,尚无该虫传入我国的报道,但鉴于霜梅蛾蜡蝉在我国近邻国家已有分布且有极强的扩散能力,随着我国进出口贸易的增加,其传入我国的可能性也逐年增大。因此,本研究参照相关有害生物风险分析方法,针对霜梅蛾蜡蝉入侵中国的风险性进行分析评估,旨在为我国口岸一线检疫人员对其早期监测、预警,并及时制定有效的检疫和防控措施提供参考依据。

    • 根据国际植物检疫措施标准第2号(ISPM No.2)《有害生物风险分析框架》、国际植物检疫措施标准第11号(ISPM No.11)《检疫性有害生物风险分析(包括环境风险和活体转基因生物分析)》、国际植物检疫措施标准第21号(ISPM No.21)《限定的非检疫性有害生物风险分析》、《进境植物和植物产品风险分析管理规定》(20190938-T-469)、《关于进出境植物和植物产品有害生物风险分析技术要求》(GB/T 20879-2007)、《进出境植物和植物产品有害生物风险分析工作指南》(GB/T 21658-2008)、《风险分析框架》(GB/T 27616-2011)等,收集整理霜梅蛾蜡蝉的相关文献与数据,采用定性评估从进入可能性、定殖可能性、扩散可能性以及经济影响等方面进行分析,在定性评估的基础上,参照蒋青等[8]建立的有害生物风险性分析指标体系,运用多指标评价方法,建立霜梅蛾蜡蝉风险性分析的综合评判指标并加以赋分,进行半定量分析。

    • 霜梅蛾蜡蝉可以若虫和成虫的形式附在寄主植物的树叶和茎干上,或以卵的形式附在树皮中,从而在国际贸易中进行传播。而在口岸现场检疫时,若虫和成虫较易被观察到,但卵不易观察。该虫有可能在我国进口北美、欧洲和韩国的植物产品时传入我国。

      根据进境货物种类(表1)、霜梅蛾蜡蝉的生殖期和货物来源地(表2)、检疫查验检出携带疫情的难易程度(表3)、进境寄主植物不同用途(表4)对该虫的进入可能性进行评估。

      进境货物
      Inbound cargo
      可能性分析
      Probability analysis
      携带疫情能力
      Capability of
      carrying pest
      繁殖材料(寄主)
      Pyopagating
      materials (Host)
      种子
      Seeds
      非危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Low
      组培苗
      Tissue culture seedlings
      有无害化处理
      With harmless treatment
      极低
      Extremely low
      裸根苗
      Bare-root seedlings
      非危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Low
      叶片、叶柄
      Foliage,petioles
      主要危害部位
      Main harmful parts

      High
      芽体
      Buds
      非危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Low
      块根
      Tuber roots
      非危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Low
      块茎
      Tubers
      非危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Low
      鳞茎、球茎
      Bulbs, corms
      非危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Low
      鲜切花
      Fresh cut flowers
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      砧木
      Rootstock
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      接穗
      Scions
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      插条
      Cuttings
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      藤蔓
      Vines
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      水生植物
      Aquatic plants
      非寄主
      Non-host
      极低
      Extremely low
      果蔬产品(寄主)
      Fruit and vegetable
      products(host)
      瓜果
      fruits
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      茎、叶类蔬菜
      Stem and leafy vegetables
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      Medium
      豆类
      Legumes
      非主要危害部位
      Non-harmful parts

      High
      木制品
      Wood products
      原木(经过熏蒸处理)
      Raw wood
      (treated by fumigation)
      有无害化处理
      With harmless treatment
      极低
      Extremely low
      木包装
      Wooden packaging
      有无害化处理
      With harmless treatment
      极低
      Extremely low
      竹、草制品
      Bamboo and straw products
      非寄主
      Non-host
      极低
      Extremely low
      深加工植物类产品
      Highly processed
      plant products
      真空包装
      Vacuum packaging
      有无害化处理
      With harmless treatment
      极低
      Extremely low
      高温处理(>50 ℃)
      High temperature treatment(>50 ℃)
      超过适生范围
      outside the suitable ecological niche
      极低
      Extremely low
      熏蒸处理
      Fumigation treatment
      无害化处理
      harmless treatment

      Low
      化学药剂处理
      Chemical treatment
      无害化处理
      harmless treatment

      Low
      干花
      Dried flowers
      超过适生范围
      outside the suitable ecological niche
      极低
      Extremely low
      进境方式
      Mode of entry
      货物
      Goods
      依据产品种类判别
      Determined by the type of product
      邮寄物(植物类)
      Mail items(plant category)
      依据产品种类判别
      Determined by the type of product

      Table 1.  The possibility of Metcalfa pruinosa being carried into the country with the cargo

      类别
      Category
      疫区主要寄主植物
      Main host plants in quarantined areas
      疫区其它植物
      Other plants in
      quarantined areas
      非疫区寄主植物
      Main host plants in quarantined areas
      非疫区其它植物
      Other plants in
      quarantined areas
      繁殖期 Propagation period高 High中 Medium中 Medium低 Low
      休眠期 Dormant period高 High中 Medium低 Low极低 Very low

      Table 2.  The possibility of carrying the pest into China from different time and places

      类别 Category卵 Eggs若虫 Nymphs成虫Adults
      隔离检疫 Isolation quarantine中 Medium易 Easy易 Easy
      常规查验 Routine inspection难 Difficult中 Medium易 Easy

      Table 3.  The difficulty of quarantine inspection to detect the carrying epidemic

      用途
      Use
      识别和封锁能力
      Identification and blockade ability
      风险性
      Risk level
      大规模田间、绿化种植 Large-scale field, greening planting低 Low高 High
      小规模温室种植 Small-scale greenhouse planting高High中 Medium
      家用庭院种植 Home courtyard planting中 Medium高 High
      家用室内种植 Home indoor planting高 High低 Low
      深加工 Deep processing高 High低 Low
      简易加工 Simple processing中 Medium高 High
      贸易 Trade中 Medium高 High
      副产品和废物 By-products and waste低 Low高 High

      Table 4.  Risk of different uses of imported host plants to carry epidemic introduction

      根据上述分析,对疫情进入风险事件预测如下:

      高风险:在霜梅蛾蜡蝉繁殖期和休眠期,进境来自疫区国家未经检疫处理的霜梅蛾蜡蝉可危害的瓜果、蔬菜和大豆等;作为繁殖材料,在未经保护的适生区种植寄主植物,如大豆、榕树、橄榄、柑橘、苹果、李、西洋梨和葡萄等;

      中风险:在霜梅蛾蜡蝉繁殖期,来自疫区国家经过处理的瓜果等鲜活植物产品进境后,在未处理的条件下销售或传播;

      低风险:进境来自疫区国家的非寄主植物类产品、寄主植物的非主要部位;进境来自非疫区国家的寄主植物类产品。

      极低风险:进境来自非疫区国家的非寄主植物类产品;经无害化处理植物类产品、深加工产品。

    • 霜梅蛾蜡蝉在北美、欧洲、朝鲜半岛分布广泛,美国、俄罗斯、意大利、韩国等地区都有报道,其寄主范围很广,可危害柑橘、李、葡萄、苹果等果树、榕树等观赏植物以及大豆作物[9]。可为害的植物范围很广,从自然界野生植物到果树,庭院葡萄树以及许多观赏植物均可取食,大多数主要寄主植物在国内已广泛分布,因此其极有可能在我国所有合适区域中建立种群。对霜梅蛾蜡蝉在我国定殖可能性的影响因素及分析详见表5

      影响因子
      Influencing factor
      影响程度Influence degree定殖可能性
      Colonization
      possibility
      气候条件
      Climate conditions
      可完成生活史,大范围适宜
      Can complete the life history, suitable for living in a wide range
      +
      寄主范围
      Host range
      广泛
      Wide
      +
      大量降水
      A lot of rainfall
      降低繁殖
      Reduces reproduction
      持续37℃以上高温
      Continuous high temperature above 37℃
      抑制发育
      Inhibits development
      持续17℃以下低温
      Continuous low temperature below 17℃
      抑制发育
      Inhibits development
      繁殖能力
      Reproductive capacity

      Strong
      +
      天敌种类
      Types of natural enemies
      有限
      Limited
      国内是否已有定殖
      Whether there is already colonization in the country

      No
      根除难度
      Difficulty of eradication

      Small
      +
        注:+表示有助于霜梅蛾蜡蝉的传播;−表示会抑制该虫的传播。
        Note: + indicates factors that contribute to the spread of Metcalfa pruinosa; − indicates factors that inhibit the spread of this insect.

      Table 5.  Evaluation of the possibility of colonization of Metcalfa pruinosa in China

    • 霜梅蛾蜡蝉成虫自然扩散能力强,一旦传入,成虫可在周围适宜寄主上补充营养并自然扩散,仅是成虫“自然”扩散就可从受侵扰的区域在每个方向上增加近50 m[10],也可能随木本植物和火车、汽车等运输工具远距离运输,从而造成在境内传播扩散速度无法估计。该虫在我国扩散可能性的影响因素及分析详见表6

      传播方式
      Spreading method
      传播可能性
      Spreading possibility
      自然扩散
      Natural spreading
      空气、土壤、水流
      Air, soil, water flow
      +
      人为传播
      Human-induced spreading
      花卉、苗木、果蔬调运
      Flower, seedling, fruit and vegetable transportation
      +
      繁殖能力
      Reproductive capacity

      Strong
      +
      国内是否已有扩散
      Whether there is already spreading in the country

      No
      运输工具
      Transportation tools
      未经处理的集装箱、邮包
      Unprocessed containers, mail packages
      +
      是否存在传播媒介
      Whether there are spreading vectors

      No
      0
      自然障碍的存在与否
      Existence of natural barriers

      No
      0
      人为控制的难度
      Difficulty of human control

      Difficult
      +
      植物和植物产品的预定用途
      Plant and plant product intended use
      多为繁殖材料
      Mostly of propagating materials
      +
      是否存在潜在天敌
      Existence of potential natural enemies
      存在有限天敌
      Existence of limited natural enemies
        注:+表示有助于霜梅蛾蜡蝉的传播;-表示会抑制该虫的传播。
        Note: “+” signifies elements that facilitate the spread of the wax scale, Metcalfa pruinosa; while “−” denotes elements that hinder its dissemination.

      Table 6.  Evaluation of the spreading possibility of Metcalfa pruinosa if invaded into China

    • 霜梅蛾蜡蝉具有广泛的多食性,繁殖迅速,密集的若虫种群会导致枝条发育不良,而成虫在枝条上聚集会产生大量的蜜露,并在其上形成煤烟霉菌[11]。在大豆中,虫害的症状是叶子萎黄和坏死,叶子和茎上涂有蜡和煤烟霉菌,枝梢枯萎,种子畸形和萎缩[12]。1986年,该虫导致了意大利北部大豆30%~40%的产量损失[13]。该虫因覆盖蜡状物且天敌不明,药剂处理效果甚微[14]。目前有报道认为该害虫是丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae)传播载体,该病菌可引起严重威胁猕猴桃的毁灭性病害猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病[15];此外,该虫能将紫苑黄化病的致病因子紫苑黄化植原体(Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) 16Sr I-B亚组传给万寿菊(Tagetes patula),导致后者出现丛枝、矮化、花不孕、木质化枯萎致死症状[16]

      根据文献报道,从表7中列出的各个因素对霜梅蛾蜡蝉传入我国的经济影响进行评估。

      考虑因素
      Consideration
      影响程度
      Impact degree
      经济方面
      Economic aspect
      农业生产
      Agricultural production
      可造成大豆30%~40%的减产
      Can cause a 30%~40% reduction in soybean production
      农民收入
      Farmers' income
      葡萄、苹果、梨和李等水果因蜡粉和霉污无法销售
      Grapes, apples, pears, and plums cannot be
      sold due to wax powder and mold pollution
      防治成本的投入
      Investment in prevention
      and control costs
      人力、物力、经费
      Labor, materials, funds
      生态环境方面
      Ecological and
      environmental aspects
      本地物种
      Local species
      威胁本地物种生存
      Threaten the survival of local species
      生态平衡
      Ecological balance
      破坏生态平衡
      Destroy ecological balance
      化学农药
      Chemical pesticides
      土壤和水的污染
      Soil and water pollution
      人身健康
      Personal health
      过敏Allergy
      生活环境
      Living environment
      食品安全
      Food safety
      社会影响
      Social impact
      旅游业
      Tourism industry
      社会安定
      Social stability
      间接影响
      Indirect impact
      监测、控制、根除
      Monitoring, control, eradication
      相应措施的费用
      The cost of corresponding measures
      国际贸易
      International trade
      影响产业输出
      Affect industry output

      Table 7.  Evaluation of the economic impact of the introduction of Metcalfa pruinosa when invaded into China

      综上所述,霜梅蛾蜡蝉可以通过疫区国家未经检疫处理的瓜果、蔬菜和大豆等果蔬产品及其繁殖材料有意或无意跨境贸易的途径传入我国,传入我国后可在自然界野生植物到果树,庭院葡萄树以及许多观赏植物上存活并定殖,可通过自然扩散或随木本植物和火车、汽车等运输工具远距离运输而扩散至全国大范围种植区,易造成潜在的巨大经济损失。因此,霜梅蛾蜡蝉入侵我国的风险级别高。

    • 根据以上分析结果,通过霜梅蛾蜡蝉的国内分布情况、潜在的经济危害性、寄主植物的分布范围和生态效益、国外分布广度、国内适生范围以及风险管理难度的实际情况等指标进行逐一赋值,建立霜梅蛾蜡蝉的综合风险评判指标体系,对霜梅蛾蜡蝉在我国的风险性进行半定量分析。半定量评判结果见表8

      序号
      Code
      评判指标(Pi)
      Evaluation index(Pi)
      评判标准
      Evaluation criteria
      赋分区间
      (0~3)
      Scoring range
      (0~3)
      赋分值
      Scoring value
      1 国内分布情况P1
      Domestic distribution situation P1
      国内有无分布
      Whether there is distribution in the country
      0~3 3
      2.1 潜在经济或生态危害性P21(权重值0.70)
      Potential economic or ecological harm P21(weight 0.70)
      如传入是否可造成≥20%的产量损失或相当于同等价值的经济或生态损失
      Whether it can cause ≥20% loss of yield or equivalent economic or ecological loss if introduced
      0~3 3
      2.2 是否传带其他有害生物P22(权重值0.20)
      Whether it carries other harmful organisms P22(weight 0.20)
      是否传带丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种、紫苑黄化病的致病因子——紫苑黄化植原体。
      Whether it carries Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the pathogen of aster yellows disease—— Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris
      0~3 2
      2.3 国外重视程度P23(权重值0.05)
      Foreign attention degree P23(weight 0.05)
      是否有1~9个国家将其列入禁止进境有害生物名单
      Whether it has been included 1-9 countries in the list of prohibited entry of harmful organisms
      0~3 1
      3.1 危害对象的种类P31
      Types of harmful objects P31
      寄主是否≥10种
      Whether the host is ≥10 species
      0~3 3
      3.2 危害对象分布的范围或生态效益P32
      Distribution range or ecological benefits of harmful objects P32
      是否存在分布范围广或产量大或生态效益大
      Whether there is a wide distribution range or large output or large ecological benefits
      0~3 2
      3.3 危害对象的特殊经济价值P33
      Special economic value of harmful objects P33
      危害对象是否具有特殊经济价值:经济价值高,社会影响大
      Whether the harmful objects have special economic value: high economic value, great social impact
      0~3 2
      4.1 被查获的频次P41
      Frequency of interception P41
      是否从未截获或历史上只截获过少数几次或频繁被
      查获
      Whether it has never been intercepted or only a few times in history or frequently intercepted
      1~3 1
      4.2 运输过程中有害生物存活率P42
      Survival rate of harmful organisms during transportation P42
      运输过程中有害生物是否存活率≥40%
      Whether the survival rate of harmful organisms during transportation is ≥40%
      0~3 3
      4.3 国外分布广否P43
      Whether there is a wide distribution abroad P43
      在北美、欧洲及亚洲是否都有分布
      Whether it is distributed in North America, Europe and Asia
      0~3 2
      4.4 国内适生范围P44
      Domestic suitable range P44
      国内是否具有25%~50%的地区能适生
      Whether 25%~50% of the country can adapt to life
      0~3 2
      4.5 传播力P45
      Transmission power P45
      是否由活动力很强的介体传播
      Whether it is transmitted by a vector with strong activity
      1~3 2
      5.1 检疫鉴定的难度P51
      Difficulty in quarantine identification P51
      当场鉴定可靠性是否一般需经专门培训的技术人员
      鉴定
      Whether the reliability of on-the-spot identification is general and needs to be identified by technicians who have received special training
      0~3 2
      5.2 除害处理的难度P52
      Difficulty in eradication treatment P52
      常规方法的除害效率是否<50%
      Whether the efficiency of routine methods for eradication is <50%
      0~3 2
      5.3 根除的难度P53
      Difficulty in eradication P53
      传入后是否容易根除
      Whether it is easy to eradicate after introduction
      0~3 2

      Table 8.  Risk semi-quantitative evaluation table for Metcalfa pruinosa

    • 根据以下有害生物风险性半定量分析计算公式[17],分别进行各项评判指标(Pi)和风险R值的计算:

      经过各项评判指标(Pi)的赋值和风险R值的计算,霜梅蛾蜡蝉入侵我国的综合风险R值等于2.41,按照2.5≤R<3.0为特别危险,2.0≤R<2.5为高度危险,1.5≤R<2.0为中度危险,1.0≤R<1.5为低度危险的分级标准[18],霜梅蛾蜡蝉在我国属于高度危险性有害生物。

    • 霜梅蛾蜡蝉适生性强,近年来在欧洲地区传播扩散迅速,可从小面积受感染区域扩散而造成大规模暴发;还可能以卵的形式附在寄主树皮间隙中在国际贸易中进行传播,常规检疫查验不易截获疫情,具有极高的传入风险。该虫可寄生的植物产品大多为田间种植,局部控制和检疫封锁措施有限。依据国际植物检疫措施标准中的相关风险管理原则,提出以下管理措施及建议:

      (1)建议将霜梅蛾蜡蝉增补到《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录》,加强检疫监管,防止其传入和扩散。

      (2)加强对来自疫区的产品监管,对于我国进境的有可能涉及文中所述寄主植物及其产品,要实施重点检疫监管。

      (3)对已经签署相关议定书的,进行回顾审查和修订,将霜梅蛾蜡蝉列入到关注的检疫性有害生物名单中,并要求输出国家采取有效的防治措施和检疫处理措施。

      (4)对于来自疫区的柑橘、李、葡萄、苹果等果树、榕树等观赏植物,任何带根的植物均应去除花朵和果实,仅保留必要枝叶,且该货物应在经针对霜梅蛾蜡蝉的检疫程序处理过的有机介质或生长介质中生长。

      (5)加强境外管理和相应处理。从出口源头抓起,要求境外出口基地实施有效处理措施,将风险控制在国外。加强果园管理,改善通风透光条件,增强树势;及时剪去枯枝,降低成虫产卵。对来自疫区的寄主植物类产品,提供有效的检疫处理方法,处理合格后方可入境。

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