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海南岛地处中国最南端、南海北沿,属热带季风性气候,其地貌中间高、四周低,呈环形层状分布。中部偏南的五指山、鹦哥岭等山峰最高,四周山地、丘陵、台地、平原层层衔接,海拔高度逐级降低。受热带季风气候和复杂地形的影响,海南岛降水时空分布不均匀,降水集中、强度大,季节、年际变异大,暴雨、干旱等气象灾害频发。在全球气候变化背景下,大多数森林生态系统都面临着季节性的水分胁迫[1-2]。海南分布最广的热带季雨林就是受水分胁迫较重的群落类型之一。随着全球极端气候事件出现频率的改变[3-4],降水的年际波动幅度变大,降水更加集中,连续无雨日数增加,旱季持续时间和强度均显著提高[5-6]。
干旱是最复杂的气象灾害之一,不同地区的成因和特征不同[7]。海南岛周年气温较高,降水时空分布不均衡,降水成为制约生态和生产的主要限制因子。海南岛植被丰富,植物可周年生长,植物气孔阻力项是影响植被蒸腾需水量的重要因素[8],准确估计实际蒸散发量对客观评价水分平衡、干旱发生具有重要意义。全面掌握海南岛干旱特征不仅需从降水的时空分布、降水波动等角度分析水分平衡的供给项,还需从逐月的干燥湿润度演化[9]方面评价年内气候状况,更需结合降水与实际蒸散发需水量判断季节、地区间水分平衡差异[8]。在干旱监测指标选择方面,选用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)[10],能够综合考虑时间、降水对干旱的影响,同时发挥其时间尺度灵活、形式简单和时空可比性强等特性优势。多角度研究海南岛干旱特征、开展气象干旱监测与评估,是科学制定应对干旱措施,减轻干旱对区域经济社会发展负面影响的基础,利于保障人民生活平稳,实现区域可持续发展。本研究从降水分布、干旱成因、干湿状况、水分平衡及监测指标等角度描述海南岛干旱的气象特征,旨在为科学制定应对干旱措施,减轻干旱对海南生态和生产的影响,为相关决策和研究提供参考。
Meteorological characteristics and monitoring index of drought in Hainan Island
doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2022.04.002
- Received Date: 2021-09-13
- Accepted Date: 2022-05-31
- Rev Recd Date: 2022-03-25
- Available Online: 2022-06-15
- Publish Date: 2022-07-26
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Key words:
- precipitation /
- drought /
- humidity /
- actual evapotranspiration /
- Hainan Island
Abstract: Drought is one of the main meteorological disasters affecting ecology and production in Hainan. The meteorological drought in Hainan Island was analyzed from the perspectives of precipitation distribution, drought causes, dry and wet conditions, water balance and drought monitoring index, in order to provide a reference for relevant decision-making and research. Hainan Island is located on the north edge of the South China Sea. Affected by the tropical monsoon climate and topography, the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation is uneven. Hainan Island has low precipitation in winter and spring, high in summer and autumn, and spatially higher in the east part than in the west part. From the dry-wet indices, it can be seen that Hainan Island is dry from November to April, and gradually becomes wet since May, and wettest in August, September and October. The actual evapotranspiration of the surface is high in the central mountain area and low in the surrounding plains and terraces. The months with the ratio of abundant precipitation to evapotranspiration are very few in winter and spring (December to April), generally below 20 %. It is particularly seriously dry in the south and west of Hainan Island. The Standardize Precipitation Evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is calculated for different timescales to determine the drought in Hainan. It is found that SPEI for a 6 or 12-months timescale in the dry season and for a 3-months timescale in the wet season can be used to determine the drought in Hainan Island to monitor the occurrence and development of drought in the Island.
Citation: | LI Weiguang, ZHANG Jinghong, LIU Shaojun, CHE Xiufen, CHEN Xiaomin, ZOU Haiping. Meteorological characteristics and monitoring index of drought in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2022, 13(4): 324-330. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2022.04.002 |