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光叶巴豆(Croton laevigatus Vahl)为大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)巴豆属(Croton)植物,广泛分布于我国的广东、海南、云南等地[1],全年均可采摘,其根、叶可入药,在中医学中光叶巴豆是治疗胃痛、疟疾、骨折的传统药物[2]。现代植物化学研究表明,光叶巴豆的特征化合物为二萜类化合物,主要包括西松烷型二萜[3]、半日花烷型二萜[4-5]、克罗烷型二萜[6-7]、laevinane型二萜[6, 8]等,其中,西松烷型内酯类二萜laevigatlactones B和克罗烷型二萜laevigatbenzoate对HeLa细胞具有细胞毒活性,其IC50值分别为38.4 µmol·L−1[3]和45.4 µmol·L−1[7];克罗烷型二萜furocrotinsulolide A和3,4,15,16-diepoxy-cleroda-13, 14-diene-12,17-olide对LPS诱导RAW 264.7小鼠巨噬细胞产生NO具有抑制作用,其IC50值分别为(10.4 ± 0.8) µmol·L−1和(96.0 ± 1.0) µmol·L−1[阳性对照(13.1 ± 1.9) µmol·L−1][5];半日花烷型二萜3α-Hydroxy-ent-labda-8,12E,14-triene-18-oic acid和ent-labda-8(17),12E,14-triene-3α,18-diol对蛋白质酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP1B)具有抑制活性,其IC50值分别为4.11和8.33 µmol·L−1[6]。因此,为进一步探究光叶巴豆的化学成分,笔者对海南产光叶巴豆枝叶的化学成分及生物活性进行研究,旨在为该植物资源的开发利用提供科学依据。
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本实验从光叶巴豆中一共分离得到12个化合物,并根据1H NMR、13C NMR和ESI-MS数据鉴定了化合物1~12的结构(图1)
化合物1 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 229 [M+H]+,分子式C13H24O3;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:5.75 (1H,dd,J = 15.7,6.0 Hz,H-8),5.58 (1H,d,J = 15.7 Hz,H-7),4.39 (1H,t,J = 6.0 Hz,H-9),3.86 (1H,m,H-3),1.93 (1H,m,H-5),1.78 (1H,d,J = 12.0 Hz,H-4a),1.61 (1H,d,J = 12.0 Hz,H-2a),1.52 (1H,m,H-2b),1.35 (1H,d,J = 12.0 Hz,H-4b),1.30 (3H,d,J = 6.0 Hz,H-10),0.96 (3H,s,H-11),0.87 (3H,s,H-12),0.79 (3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz,H-13);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:39.6 (C-1),45.3 (C-2),66.8 (C-3),39.3 (C-4),34.2 (C-5),77.0 (C-6),133.1 (C-7),134.5 (C-8),68.7 (C-9),24.0 (C-10),25.1 (C-11),24.7 (C-12),16.0 (C-13)。以上波谱数据与文献[11]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为(3S,5R,6S,7E,9R)-3,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-β-ionol。
化合物2 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 225 [M+H]+,分子式C13H20O3;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:5.90 (1H,m,H-7),5.85 (1H,m,H-8),5.78 (1H,s,H-4),4.40 (1H,m,H-9),2.44 (1H,d,J = 17.1 Hz,H-2a),2.23 (1H,d,J = 17.1 Hz,H-2b),1.89 (3H,s,H-13),1.29 (3H,d,J = 6.4 Hz,H-10),1.07 (3H,s,H-11),1.00 (3H,s,H-12);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:41.3 (C-1),49.8 (C-2),198.2 (C-3),127.0 (C-4),163.0 (C-5),79.2 (C-6),129.0 (C-7),135.9 (C-8),68.2 (C-9),24.2 (C-10),23.0 (C-11),23.9 (C-12),19.1 (C-13)。以上波谱数据与文献[12]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为吐叶醇。
化合物3 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 227 [M+H]+,分子式C13H22O3;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:5.83 (1H,dd,J = 15.8,5.8 Hz,H-8),5.70 (1H,dd,J = 15.8,1.0 Hz,H-7),4.42 (1H,m,H-9),2.83 (1H,d,J = 13.6 Hz,H-2a),2.41 (1H,t,J = 13.0 Hz,H-4a),2.26 (1H,m,H-4b),2.19 (1H,ddd,J = 13.7,4.5,2.2 Hz,H-5),1.90 (1H,dd,J = 13.6,1.9 Hz,H-2b),1.32 (3H,d,J = 6.4 Hz,C-10),0.96 (3H,s,C-12),0.93 (3H,s,C-11),0.88 (3H,d,J = 6.4 Hz,C-13);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:42.7 (C-1),51.6 (C-2),211.6 (C-3),36.6 (C-4),45.3 (C-5),77.3 (C-6),131.9 (C-7),135.3 (C-8),68.5 (C-9),24.1 (C-10),24.6 (C-11),24.5 (C-12),16.0 (C-13)。以上波谱数据与文献[13]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为4,5-dihydroblumenol A。
化合物4 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 239 [M+H]+,分子式C15H26O2;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:4.98 (1H,s,H-15b),4.84 (1H,s,H-15a),3.95 (1H,dd,J = 11.7,4.9 Hz,H-1),3.51 (1H,t,J = 10.1 Hz,H-6),2.29 (2H,m,H-3),2.21 (1H,m,H-11),2.06 (1H,dt,J = 14.0,3.2 Hz,H-9b),1.89 (1H,m,H-2a),1.84 (1H,d,J = 10.1 Hz,H-5),1.62 (1H,dd,J = 11.7,5.9 Hz,H-2b),1.47 (1H,m,H-8b),1.29 (1H,m,H-8a),1.26 (1H,m,H-7),1.05 (1H,td,J = 14.0,4.0 Hz,H-9a),0.94 (3H,d,J = 7.1 Hz,H-13),0.87 (3H,s,H-14),0.84 (3H,d,J = 7.1 Hz,H-12);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:68.3 (C-1),31.2 (C-2),29.9 (C-3),145.6 (C-4),61.8 (C-5),67.3 (C-6),49.2 (C-7),18.2 (C-8),34.5 (C-9),40.2 (C-10),26.6 (C-11),16.4 (C-12),21.1 (C-13),21.5 (C-14),114.4 (C-15)。以上波谱数据与文献[14]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为5-epi-eudesma-4 (15)-ene-1β,6β-diol。
化合物5 淡黄色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 239 [M+H]+,分子式C15H26O2;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:1.50~1.90 (8H,m,H-1,2,3,8,9),1.25 (3H,s,H-14),1.21 (1H,m,H-5),1.17 (3H,s,H-15),1.04 (6H,s,H-12,13),0.91 (1H,m,H-8),0.64 (1H,ddd,J = 11.0,9.6,6.2 Hz,H-7),0.43 (1H,dd,J = 11.0,9.6 Hz,H-6);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:56.5 (C-1),23.9 (C-2),41.3 (C-3),80.5 (C-4),48.6 (C-5),28.4 (C-6),26.8 (C-7),20.3 (C-8),44.6 (C-9),75.2 (C-10),19.7 (C-11),28.8 (C-12),16.6 (C-13),24.7 (C-14),20.5 (C-15)。以上波谱数据与文献[15]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为aromadendrane-4β,10β-diol。
化合物6 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 239 [M+H]+,分子式C15H26O2;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:5.01 (1H,s,H-15a),4.73 (1H,s,H-15b),3.70 (1H,t,J = 9.8 Hz,H-6),3.41 (1H,dd,J = 11.6,4.7 Hz,H-1),2.32 (1H,ddd,J = 13.2,5.0,2.1 Hz,H-3a),2.23 (1H,m,H-11),2.07 (1H,td,J = 13.2,5.3 Hz,H-3b),1.90 (1H,m,H-9a),1.86 (1H,m,H-2b),1.73 (1H,d,J = 9.8 Hz,H-5),1.55 (1H,m,H-2a),1.51 (1H,m,H-8b),1.29 (1H,m,H-7),1.24 (1H,m,H-8a),1.23 (1H,m,H-9b),0.93 (3H,d,J = 7.0 Hz,H-12),0.85 (3H,d,J = 7.0 Hz,H-13),0.69 (3H,s,H-14),13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:79.1 (C-1),32.0 (C-2),35.2 (C-3),146.3 (C-4),56.0 (C-5),67.2 (C-6),49.4 (C-7),18.2 (C-8),36.4 (C-9),41.8 (C-10),26.1 (C-11),21.2 (C-12),16.3 (C-13),11.7 (C-14),107.9 (C-15)。以上波谱数据与文献[16]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为ent-4 (15)-eudesmene-1β,6α-diol。
化合物7 淡黄色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 239 [M+H]+,分子式C15H26O2;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:4.95 (1H,d,J = 1.1 Hz,H-15b),4.81 (1H,d,J = 1.1 Hz,H-15a),3.59 (1H,dd,J = 11.3,4.9 Hz,H-1),3.23 (1H,dd,J = 9.8,2.4 Hz,H-7),2.33 (1H,m,H-6),2.30 (1H,m,H-3b),2.11 (1H,td,J = 13.5,5.7 Hz,H-3a),1.92 (1H,m,H-8b),1.87 (1H,m,H-2a),1.83 (1H,d,J = 10.9 Hz,H-5),1.74 (1H,m,H-9b),1.74 (1H,m,H-11),1.50 (1H,m,H-2b),1.39 (1H,m,H-9a),1.32 (1H,m,H-8a),0.99 (3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz,H-13),0.90 (3H,d,J = 6.9 Hz,H-12),0.66 (3H,s,H-14);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:79.1 (C-1),32.0 (C-2),35.1 (C-3),149.1 (C-4),56.6 (C-5),39.5 (C-6),82.9 (C-7),26.2 (C-8),37.5 (C-9),49.7 (C-10),31.5 (C-11),14.9 (C-12),20.7 (C-13),12.4 (C-14),107.8 (C-15)。以上波谱数据与文献[17]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为(7R*)-opposit-4 (15)-ene-1β,7-diol。
化合物8 乳白色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 419 [M+H]+,分子式C22H26O8;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:6.58 (4H,s,H-2,6,2′,6′),5.53 (2H,s,OH-4,4′),4.73 (2H,d,J = 3.9 Hz,H-7,7′),4.28 (2H,dd,J = 8.8,6.5 Hz,H-9a,9′a),3.92 (2H,m,H-9b,9′b),3.89 (12H,s,OMe-3,5,3′,5′),3.09 (2H,m,H-8,8′);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:54.5 (C-8,8′),86.1 (C-7,7′),71.9 (C-9,9′),132.1 (C-1,1′),102.8 (C-2,6,2′,6′),147.2 (C-3,5,3′,5′),134.3 (C-4,4′),56.5 (OMe-3,5,3′,5′)。以上波谱数据与文献[18]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为丁香脂素。
化合物9 乳白色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 739 [2M+Na]+,分子式C20H20O6;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:6.90 (2H,d,J = 2.1 Hz,H-5,5′),6.89 (2H,d,J = 8.1 Hz,H-8,8′),6.82 (2H,dd,J = 8.1,2.1 Hz,H-7,7′),4.74 (2H,d,J = 4.2 Hz,H-4,4′),4.24 (2H,dt,J = 9.2,6.9 Hz,H-2b,2b′),3.91 (6H,s,OMe-6,6′),3.88 (2H,dd,J = 9.2,3.6 Hz,H-2a,2a′),3.10 (2H,m,H-3,3′);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:71.8 (C-2,2′),54.3 (C-3,3′),86.0 (C-4,4′),108.7 (C-5,5′),146.8 (C-6,6′),119.1 (C-7,7′),114.4 (C-8,8′),145.4 (C-9,9′),133.1 (C-10,10′),56.1 (OMe-6,6′)。以上波谱数据与文献[19]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为rel- (3R,3′S,4R,4′S)-3,3′,4,4′-tetrahydro-6,6′-dimethoxy[3,3′-bi-2H-benzopyran]-4,4′-diol。
化合物10 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 411 [M+Na]+,分子式C21H24O7;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:6.92 (2H,m,H-2′,5′),6.82 (1H,dd,J = 8.1,1.8 Hz,H-6′),6.58 (2H,s,H-2,6),5.59 (1H,s,OH-4′),5.49 (1H,s,OH-4),4.75 (1H,d,J = 4.8 Hz,H-7),4.72 (1H,d,J = 4.8 Hz,H-7′),4.26 (2H,m,H-9b,9′b),3.91 (3H,s,OMe-3′),3.90 (6H,s,OMe-3,5),3.88 (2H,m,H-9a,9′a),3.10 (2H,m,H-8,8′);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:132.3 (C-1),102.8 (C-2,6),147.3 (C-3,5),134.4 (C-4),86.0 (C-7),54.3 (C-8),71.8 (C-9),133.0 (C-1′),108.7 (C-2′),146.8 (C-3′),145.4 (C-4′),114.4 (C-5′),119.1 (C-6′),86.3 (C-7′),54.6 (C-8′),72.0 (C-9′),56.5 (OMe-3,5),56.1 (OMe-3′)。以上波谱数据与文献[20]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为(+)-皮树脂醇。
化合物11 无色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 583 [M-H]−,分子式C31H36O11;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:6.96 (1H,d,J = 1.2 Hz,H-2″),6.90 (1H,d,J = 1.5 Hz,H-2′),6.89 (1H,d,J = 8.1 Hz,H-5′),6.85 (1H,d,J = 8.2 Hz,H-5″),6.83 (1H,dd,J = 8.1,1.5 Hz,H-6′),6.74 (1H,dd,J = 8.2,1.2 Hz,H-6″),6.63 (2H,s,H-2,6),4.99 (1H,t,J = 3.9 Hz,H-7″),4.77 (1H,d,J = 4.9 Hz,H-7′),4.75 (1H,d,J = 4.9 Hz,H-7),4.29 (2H,m,H-9a,9′a),4.12 (1H,m,H-8″),3.93 (3H,m,H-9b,9′b,9″a),3.91 (3H,s,OMe-3′),3.90 (6H,s,OMe-3,5),3.89 (3H,s,OMe-3″),3.49 (3H,m,H-9″b),3.12 (2H,m,H-8,8′);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:138.0 (C-1),102.9 (C-2,6),153.6 (C-3,5),134.4 (C-4),86.2 (C-7),54.7 (C-8),72.3 (C-9),132.9 (C-1′),108.7 (C-2′),146.9 (C-3′),145.5 (C-4′),114.4 (C-5′),119.1 (C-6′),85.9 (C-7′),54.2 (C-8′),71.7 (C-9′),131.4 (C-1″),108.5 (C-2″),146.7 (C-3″),145.0 (C-4″),114.3 (C-5″),118.9 (C-6″),72.7 (C-7″),87.3 (C-8″),60.7 (C-9″),56.4 (OMe-3,5),56.1 (OMe-3′,3″)。以上波谱数据与文献[21]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为thero-ficusesquilignan A。
化合物12 淡黄色油状物(CHCl3);ESI-MS:m/z 179 [M+H]+,分子式C10H10O3;1H NMR (CDCl3,500 MHz) δ:7.64 (1H,d,J = 16.0 Hz,H-7),7.43 (2H,d,J = 8.6 Hz,H-2,6),6.84 (2H,d,J = 8.6 Hz,H-3,5),6.30 (1H,d,J = 16.0 Hz,H-8),3.79 (3H,s,OMe-9);13C NMR (CDCl3,125 MHz) δ:127.1 (C-1),130.1 (C-2,6),116.0 (C-3,5),157.7 (C-4),144.6 (C-7),115.5 (C-8),167.9 (C-9),51.7 (OMe-9)。以上波谱数据与文献[22]报道的基本一致,故鉴定为反式对羟基肉桂酸甲酯。
本研究从光叶巴豆中共分离鉴定了12个化合物,其中,包括降倍半萜类化合物3个,倍半萜类化合物4个及苯丙素类化合物5个,全齿复活线虫致死活性测试结果(表1)表明,倍半萜类化合物1~7对全齿复活线虫的致死活性相对较低或没有,而苯丙素类化合物8~12对全齿复活线虫具有较好的致死活性。所有化合物均无细胞毒活性。
组别
Group全齿复活线虫校正死亡率/%
Corrected mortality of P. redivivus组别
Group全齿复活线虫校正死亡率/%
Corrected mortality of P. redivivus1 14.40 ± 0.04 8 34.45 ± 0.02 2 — 9 52.42 ± 0.08 3 — 10 49.16 ± 0.06 4 — 11 62.91 ± 0.04 5 — 12 91.42 ± 0.01 6 7.71 ± 0.04 阳性对照 100 ± 0.00 7 33.35 ± 0.06 注:阳性对照为阿维菌素 (2.5 g·L−1);化合物质量浓度为2.5 g·L−1;“—”在活性初筛条件下未观测到抑制活性。
Note: Abamectin (2.5 g·L−1) was used as positive control; the mass concentration of the compounds was 2.5 g·L−1; “—”: No inhibitory activity.Table 1. Biological activities of compounds 1-12 against Panagrellus redivivus