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Volume 11 Issue 1
Nov.  2019
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SHEN Qing, WEI Haiyan, BIAN Hua, WANG Zhiyong, DING Xipeng. Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm Resources[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(1): 11-19. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.01.003
Citation: SHEN Qing, WEI Haiyan, BIAN Hua, WANG Zhiyong, DING Xipeng. Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm Resources[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(1): 11-19. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.01.003

Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm Resources

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.01.003
  • Received Date: 2019-11-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2019-12-15
  • Available Online: 2020-07-03
  • Publish Date: 2019-11-01
  • In order to obtain salt-tolerant Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm resources, the Salt tolerance system of Paspalum vaginatum was optimized and used to evaluate the salt tolerance of 27 accessions of P. vaginatum. The accessions were treated with NaCl at 7 levels of concentration (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g·L−1) and their turf quality, leaf firing and leaf color were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in the indicators of turf quality, leaf firing and leaf colour (P<0.05) between the P. vaginatum accessions under the NaCl treatments. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the P. vaginatum accessions were significantly higher in turf quality (P<0.05) and leaf firing (P<0.05), and significantly paler in leaf colour (P<0.05). A regression equation was established to determine the optimum salt treatment concentration for P. vaginatum at 25 g·L−1 with the leaf firing of 50% as a criterion. The NaCl concentration of 25 g·L−1 was used to evaluate the salt tolerance of 27 accessions of P. vaginatum, based on which two accessions, USA17-18 with very high salt tolerance and USA17-26 with very low salt tolerance or high salt sensitivity, were selected and their contents of Na+ and K+ were determined. It was found that the two accessions increased significantly in Na+ content above ground and underground after salt treatment, but decreased significantly in K+ content and K/Na value, and that the very highly salt tolerant accession was lower in Na+ content and higher in K+ content as against the very low salt tolerant accession. Reducing Na+ intake and maintaining high K+ content may be the mechanism of salt tolerance of P. vaginatum.
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Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm Resources

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.01.003

Abstract: In order to obtain salt-tolerant Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm resources, the Salt tolerance system of Paspalum vaginatum was optimized and used to evaluate the salt tolerance of 27 accessions of P. vaginatum. The accessions were treated with NaCl at 7 levels of concentration (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g·L−1) and their turf quality, leaf firing and leaf color were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences in the indicators of turf quality, leaf firing and leaf colour (P<0.05) between the P. vaginatum accessions under the NaCl treatments. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the P. vaginatum accessions were significantly higher in turf quality (P<0.05) and leaf firing (P<0.05), and significantly paler in leaf colour (P<0.05). A regression equation was established to determine the optimum salt treatment concentration for P. vaginatum at 25 g·L−1 with the leaf firing of 50% as a criterion. The NaCl concentration of 25 g·L−1 was used to evaluate the salt tolerance of 27 accessions of P. vaginatum, based on which two accessions, USA17-18 with very high salt tolerance and USA17-26 with very low salt tolerance or high salt sensitivity, were selected and their contents of Na+ and K+ were determined. It was found that the two accessions increased significantly in Na+ content above ground and underground after salt treatment, but decreased significantly in K+ content and K/Na value, and that the very highly salt tolerant accession was lower in Na+ content and higher in K+ content as against the very low salt tolerant accession. Reducing Na+ intake and maintaining high K+ content may be the mechanism of salt tolerance of P. vaginatum.

SHEN Qing, WEI Haiyan, BIAN Hua, WANG Zhiyong, DING Xipeng. Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm Resources[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(1): 11-19. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.01.003
Citation: SHEN Qing, WEI Haiyan, BIAN Hua, WANG Zhiyong, DING Xipeng. Evaluation of Salt Tolerance of Paspalum vaginatum Germplasm Resources[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2020, 11(1): 11-19. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2020.01.003
  • 土地盐碱化是指土壤含盐量超过0.3%使农作物低产或不能生长[1]。土地盐碱化日益加剧,已成为全球性的生态问题。目前,我国盐碱化土壤面积约为3.69×107 hm2[2],造成大面积土地资源难以被利用,严重制约了农业生产和生态环境的可持续发展。随着经济的发展和耕地的减少,人们越来越重视对沿海盐碱地的开发和利用[3],因此,培育耐盐品种是改良盐碱地土壤的有效途径之一[4]。海雀稗(Paspalum vaginatum Sw.)为多年生禾本科的暖季型草坪草,具有耐盐、耐镉、抗旱、耐践踏等多种优良抗逆性[5-8]。广泛分布于马来西亚、澳大利亚、南非、美国南部以及我国海南、广西、广东等热带、亚热带沿海地区[9]。海雀稗作为草坪草,已广泛应用于高尔夫球场、运动场、景观绿地等休闲及运动草坪中[10]。海雀稗主要生长在沿海高盐度的生境中,因此,人们开始对其耐盐性进行研究,发现与其他品种相比,海雀稗具有更好的耐盐性[11]。MARCUM[12]通过水培法对6种暖季型草坪草进行盐胁迫,发现海雀稗耐盐性最强。同一草种不同品种或品系的耐盐性有明显差异[13],因此需要进行耐盐性评价,从中筛选出耐盐性较强的品种或品系。LEE等[14]对93份海雀稗种质资源进行耐盐性评价,筛选出SI92,SI93-1,SI93-2,SI94-1和HI101等耐盐性较强的种质。海雀稗作为优良的暖季型草坪草资源,是改良盐渍化土壤的优异草种,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值,也正日益受到人们的重视。目前,对国内外海雀稗种质资源进行耐盐性评价的研究报道较少。为高效地开发和利用海雀稗,本实验通过水培法对海雀稗耐盐体系进行优化,并对27份国内外海雀稗种质资源进行耐盐性评价,筛选出耐盐性较强的种质,旨在丰富我国草坪草耐盐种质资源,也为选育优质耐盐海雀稗品种提供理论依据。

  • 本试验材料为来自国内外的27份海雀稗种质资源(表1),其中20份从美国引进,7份来自海南,现保存于海南大学儋州校区农科基地。试验材料按序号顺序分别种植在1 m × 1 m的小区内,每2周对小区边缘进行1次修剪,以防止不同材料间的混淆。进行常规灌溉和施肥,以保持材料的健康生长。

    序号 No.材料名 Materials来源 Sources序号 No.材料名 Materials来源 Sources
    1USA17-1美国15USA17-35美国
    2USA17-2美国16USA17-38美国
    3USA17-4美国17USA17-42美国
    4USA17-6美国18USA17-46美国
    5USA17-8美国19USA17-47美国
    6USA17-9美国20Seaspray美国
    7USA17-11美国21HN17-13海南万宁
    8USA17-12美国22HN17-16海南文昌
    9USA17-18美国23HN17-18海南文昌
    10USA17-19美国24HN17-29海南东方
    11USA17-20美国25HN17-42海南三亚
    12USA17-24美国26HN17-52海南临高
    13USA17-26美国27HN17-54海南临高
    14USA17-30美国

    Table 1.  The sources of Paspalum vaginatum accessions under test

  • 随机选取3份田间坪用质量较好的海雀稗材料(USA17-35,USA17-47和Seaspray),从试验地取大小、生长一致的匍匐茎,种植于装好石英砂的塑料杯中。在塑料杯杯底垫1块大小合适的纱布,以防止石英砂外漏。参照MARCUM等[15]及陈静波等[16]的试验方法,采用水培法对海雀稗材料进行预培养,每周换营养液并进行修剪。参照钟小仙等[17]的方法,设置0(对照),5,10,15,20,25和30 g·L−1 NaCl共7个浓度。修剪一致后开始进行盐处理,处理28 d后,采用目测打分法记录坪用质量、叶片枯黄率和叶色。

  • 利用筛选出的盐浓度(25 g·L−1 NaCl),对27份海雀稗种质资源进行耐盐性评价。选取健康的匍匐茎,水培法预培养3个月左右,修剪后,开始盐处理,以不加NaCl作为对照。为防止高浓度盐冲击,以每天5 g·L−1 NaCl的浓度逐渐增加。第5天时,达到预期的25 g·L−1 NaCl浓度。盐处理28 d后,采用目测打分法记录叶片枯黄率和坪用质量。然后对极端耐盐材料测定钠、钾离子含量。

  • 测定指标参考廖丽等[18]和GUO等[19]的方法,具体测定方法如下:(1)坪用质量:采用目测法,参照NTEP(The National Turfgrass Evaluation Program,美国国家草坪评比项目)标准,以草坪的密度、质地、颜色、均一性等为指标进行综合评分,坪用质量最高为9分,6分为可以接受的草坪质量,1分为草坪死亡。3人打分求平均值。

    相对坪用质量=(处理坪用质量/对照坪用质量)×100%。

    (2)枯黄率:采用目测法记录枯黄叶片面积占总面积的百分比。3人打分求平均值。

    (3)叶色:采用目测法记录不同材料的叶色,重复3次并求平均值。采用9分级,分别为蓝绿(9分)、深绿(7分)、绿(5分)、浅绿(3分)、黄绿(1分)。

    (4)钠、钾离子含量:采用微波消解法和火焰光度计测量海雀稗地上、地下部分的Na,K含量。

  • 采用Excel软件和SPSS 20.0软件进行数据整理及分析。

  • 不同NaCl浓度处理之间,海雀稗生长差异明显(图1)。随着NaCl浓度的增加,海雀稗生长呈现出枯黄率增加,叶色逐渐变浅,坪用质量随之降低。对照条件下,海雀稗生长状况良好,颜色健康;低浓度(5 g·L−1 NaCl)促进了海雀稗的生长;(10~20) g·L−1 NaCl处理的海雀稗生长受到抑制,但是坪用质量较好;高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)抑制了其生长,25 g·L−1 NaCl处理下海雀稗植株就会出现50%以上的枯黄,叶色变得很浅,叶片也因盐胁迫而卷曲,尤其是NaCl浓度在30 g·L−1时,植株受到严重胁迫,大部分叶片已经死亡,存活的叶片也渐渐变黄。

    Figure 1.  Effects of different NaCl concentrations on P. vaginatum accession USA17-47

  • 在盐胁迫下,随着NaCl浓度的增加,海雀稗坪用质量呈现逐渐下降趋势(表2)。低浓度(5,10 g·L−1 NaCl)处理坪用质量较好,与对照无显著差异,而与高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。(0~15) g·L−1 NaCl各处理间和(20~30) g·L−1 NaCl各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。低浓度(5,10 g·L−1 NaCl)处理下,海雀稗坪用质量在6分左右,但在高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理下,海雀稗坪用质量低于4分,均显著低于对照处理(P<0.05)。

    编号 Codes浓度/(g·L−1)Concentration坪用质量 Turf quality枯黄率 Leaf firing叶色 Leaf colour
    USA17-3506.83±2.02a8.33±2.89e6.67±0.58a
    56.67±1.53a13.33±2.89de6.00±0.50ab
    106.17±1.44ab21.67±7.64cd5.50±0.87ab
    155.67±1.44abc31.67±12.58c4.67±0.76bc
    204.00±0.50bcd50.00±8.66b3.33±0.29cd
    253.67±0.58cd51.67±2.89b3.17±1.04d
    302.33±0.58d68.33±7.64a2.00±1.00d
    USA17-4707.00±2.18a6.67±2.89f7.00±1.00a
    56.83±1.76a6.67±2.89f7.00±0.00a
    105.50±1.80ab13.33±2.89e5.83±0.76ab
    155.33±1.61ab21.00±3.61d5.17±0.76b
    205.00±1.32ab29.33±5.13c5.00±1.00b
    253.50±0.50b51.67±2.89b3.33±0.58c
    302.83±0.76b66.67±2.89a2.67±0.58c
    Seaspray05.83±1.61a8.33±2.89e6.33±0.76ab
    56.17±1.44a6.00±1.73e6.67±0.29a
    105.33±1.61ab13.33±2.89de5.67±0.58b
    154.17±1.04abc23.33±10.41cd4.83±0.29c
    203.67±1.04bcd34.33±8.14c4.17±0.29cd
    253.17±1.04cd48.33±7.64b3.67±0.58d
    301.83±0.29d76.67±10.41a2.00±0.00e
      注:同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)(LSD)。
      Note: Different lowercase letters within the same column mean significant difference at 0.05 by LSD.

    Table 2.  Effects of different NaCl concentrations on P. vaginatum accessions

  • 不同NaCl浓度处理对海雀稗枯黄率的影响较大,各处理之间显著差异(P<0.05)(表2)。低浓度(5 g·L−1 NaCl)处理下,海雀稗的枯黄率较低,在10%左右,与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05),而中等、高浓度(15~30 g·L−1 NaCl)各处理枯黄率与对照处理存在显著差异(P<0.05)。中等浓度(10~20 g·L−1 NaCl)与高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理之间也存在着显著差异(P<0.05),(0~20) g·L−1 NaCl处理间,叶片枯黄率基本低于40%,但在高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理时,海雀稗的枯黄率在50%以上。

  • 海雀稗的叶色随着NaCl浓度的增加呈现由深变浅的趋势(图1表2)。在低浓度(5,10 g·L−1 NaCl)处理下,海雀稗叶色较深,与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05),而与中等、高浓度(15~30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理之间有显著差异(P<0.05)。中等浓度(15,20 g·L−1 NaCl)处理,海雀稗叶色相对于对照颜色较浅,与高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理的也有一些差异。高浓度(25,30 g·L−1 NaCl)处理,叶色下降更多,显著低于对照(P<0.05)。5 g·L−1 NaCl处理,叶色大致在7分,具有良好的视觉效果;而在10,15 g·L−1 NaCl处理下,叶色仅有5分左右;25,30 g·L−1 NaCl处理,叶色均低于4分,视觉效果显著下降。

  • 各指标间均达到极显著相关(P<0.01)(表3)。其中坪用质量与枯黄率之间呈极显著负相关(r=−0.787);坪用质量与叶色间呈极显著正相关(r=0.847);枯黄率与叶色呈极显著负相关(r=−0.917)。

    坪用质量
    Turf quality
    枯黄率
    Leaf firing
    叶色
    Leaf colour
    坪用质量
    Turf quality
    1.000
    枯黄率
    Leaf firing
    −0.787**1.000
    叶色
    Leaf colour
    0.847**−0.917**1.000
      注:** 表示在0.01水平上显著相关。
      Note: ** indicate significant correlation at 0.01 level.

    Table 3.  Correlation coefficients between indices

  • 分别以海雀稗不同NaCl浓度处理的枯黄率为自变量,NaCl处理浓度作为因变量,建立回归方程,分别求得线性回归方程USA17-35:Y=0.678 8X−0.002 7X2−4.301 2,R2=0.980 6;USA17-47:Y=0.967 3X−0.007 4X2−2.825 8,R2=0.965 9;Seaspray:Y=0.837 5X−0.005 5X2−2.166 2,R2=0.957 6。参照徐毓皎等[20]的方法,以叶片枯黄率为50%的NaCl浓度作为海雀稗的临界盐处理浓度,得出海雀稗具有50%存活的临界盐处理浓度分别为22.89,27.04和25.96 g·L−1,平均为25.30 g·L−1。为了操作方便,本研究中选取的最适盐处理浓度为25 g·L−1

  • 以相对坪用质量和枯黄率为主要测定指标,利用25 g·L−1 NaCl对27份海雀稗种质资源进行耐盐评价,如图23所示,海雀稗不同种质资源之间的相对坪用质量无显著差异,枯黄率存在明显差异。盐处理下,海雀稗的耐盐性因材料不同而不同。USA17-18,HN17-18,HN17-13,USA17-01和HN7-29的相对坪用质量都在0.80左右,表明这些海雀稗材料的耐盐性较好;USA17-19,HN17-42,USA17-30,USA17-35和USA17-26的相对坪用质量均在0.65左右,说明这些海雀稗材料的耐盐性较差(图2)。USA17-18,Seaspray,USA17-02和HN17-18的枯黄率均小于40%,说明它们受盐处理的影响相对较小;而USA17-24,USA17-19,USA17-30和USA17-26的枯黄率均大于70%,说明它们的生长受盐处理的影响较为严重。相对坪用质量和枯黄率2个指标综合分析,发现USA17-18的相对坪用质量较高,枯黄率较低;USA17-26的相对坪用质量较低,枯黄率较高,因此筛选出极端耐盐种质:USA17-18(耐盐)和USA17-26(敏盐)(图4)。

    Figure 2.  Effects of salt tolerance on the relative turf quality of different accessions of P. vaginatum

    Figure 3.  Effects of salt tolerance on the leaf firing of different accessions of P. vaginatum

    Figure 4.  Comparison of P. vaginatum accessions very highly or less tolerant to salt

  • 对海雀稗耐盐极端材料的钠钾离子含量进行测定,发现盐胁迫后,地上和地下Na+含量均显著增加,但K+含量和K/Na值都显著下降(图567)。耐盐材料(USA17-18,HN17-18和USA17-1)的Na+含量比敏盐材料(USA17-19、USA17-30和USA17-26)低;耐盐材料的K+含量比敏盐材料高;而K/Na值无显著变化。减少Na+的摄入,维持较高的K+含量,可能是海雀稗耐盐的机制。

    Figure 5.  Na+ contents of P. vaginatum accessions very highly or less tolerant to salt

    Figure 6.  K+ contents of P. vaginatum accessions very highly or less tolerant to salt

    Figure 7.  K/Na value of P. vaginatum accessions very highly or less tolerant to salt

  • 土壤盐碱化严重降低了作物的生产力,开发盐碱地是农业生产将面临的重大难题。种植耐盐性较强的植物被认为是最为经济高效的盐碱地改良的方法[21]。草坪草在生长过程中,受到盐胁迫,生长速度减慢,生物量降低。而且高盐胁迫下,叶片枯黄增加,甚至叶片边缘出现灼烧现象,从而降低了坪用质量[20]。很多暖季型草坪草都比较耐盐[12-13,15, 22-23],比如海雀稗、沟叶结缕草、结缕草等,被认为是盐生植物[24]。许多学者对暖季型草坪草的耐盐能力进行了研究。MARCUM[12]发现6种草坪草的耐盐能力依次为海雀稗>沟叶结缕草>钝叶草>狗牙根>结缕草>假俭草。陈静波等[4, 25]也报道过暖季型草坪草中,海雀稗的抗NaCl能力较强。

    坪用质量、叶片枯黄率和叶色是评价草坪草耐盐性的常用指标[26]。目前利用这3个指标对草坪草盐胁迫的响应进行了大量研究[5, 17, 25, 27]。本研究选取了坪用质量、枯黄率和叶色这3个指标进行海雀稗耐盐体系优化。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,海雀稗种质资源的生长响应表现为叶片枯黄率增加,坪用质量下降,生长受到抑制。在本研究中,当NaCl浓度不断增加时,叶片枯黄率随之增加,坪用质量随之降低,叶色也逐渐变浅,与GUO等[19]的研究结果一致。但是在5 g·L−1 NaCl处理时,对海雀稗的生长有促进作用,当NaCl浓度提高到10 g·L−1时,海雀稗生长开始受到抑制,与陈静波等[25]的研究结果一致。本研究中海雀稗叶色随着NaCl浓度增加而显著下降,高浓度(25,30 g·L−1)NaCl处理,叶片卷曲且出现50%以上的枯黄,尤其是在30 g·L−1时植株受到严重胁迫,大部分叶片已经死亡,存活的叶片也渐渐变黄,此结果与竹节草[28]和钝叶草[20]耐盐性的研究结果相似。相关性分析结果可知,坪用质量与枯黄率之间呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),说明盐处理下枯黄率的增加影响了坪用质量的变化,与廖丽等[29]的研究结果一致。徐毓皎等[20]对钝叶草盐胁迫半致死浓度筛选中确定了50%枯黄率时的NaCl浓度为临界浓度。本研究通过建立回归方程,确定了海雀稗最适盐处理浓度为25 g·L−1

    本研究利用25 g·L−1 NaCl对27份海雀稗种质资源进行耐盐性评价时,发现海雀稗不同种质资源之间的枯黄率存在明显差异,其耐盐性因品种不同而异,这与GUO等[19]的研究结果一致。本研究在测定钠钾离子含量时,发现盐处理后地上和地下Na+含量均显著增加,但K+含量和K/Na值都显著下降,说明海雀稗受到盐处理后Na+抑制K+的吸收,与LEE等[30]和李珊[31]的研究结果一致。本研究还发现耐盐材料的Na+含量比敏盐材料低;耐盐材料的K+含量比敏盐材料高。所以减少Na+的摄入,维持较高的K+含量,可能是海雀稗耐盐的机制。本研究结果为优质耐盐海雀稗品种的选育提供理论依据,也为盐碱化土壤的改良奠定了基础。

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