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WU Zhi-xiang, CHEN Bang-qian, YANG Chuan, TAO Zhong-liang, XIE Gui-shui, ZHOU Zhao-de. Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2012, 3(1): 42-50. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2012.01.014
Citation:
WU Zhi-xiang, CHEN Bang-qian, YANG Chuan, TAO Zhong-liang, XIE Gui-shui, ZHOU Zhao-de. Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2012, 3(1): 42-50. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2012.01.014
Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island
1. Danzhou Key Field Station of Observation and Research for Tropical Agricultural Resources and Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China;
2. Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China;
3. Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Received Date: 2011-09-30
Publish Date:
2012-03-25
Abstract
In order to analyze and control the quality of the rubber plantation flux observation data,the FSAM model(Flux-source Area Model) was used to calculate flux footprint and source areas according to the continuous flux measurement with the open-path eddy covariance system on the 50 m tower of the Ministry of Agriculture Danzhou Key Field Station of Observation and Research for Tropical Agricultural Resources and Environments from Jan.1 to Dec.31,2010.The spatial representative of flux measurement of the rubber plantations in Hainan Island,the south of China,was explained.Source areas of rubber plantation were found smaller under the unstable than under the stable atmospheric stratification.The source areas were larger in the growing season than in the dormant season at the same contribution level for the stable stratification,but they were smaller under the unstable stratification.In the main wind direction of 110°—250°,the upwind range of source areas of the rubber plantation was 100—758 m,and the vertical upwind range was-251—251 m at a 80% contribution level under the unstable stratification in the growing season,whereas the upwind and vertical upwind ranges were slightly larger than those under the unstable stratification in the dormant season.The upwind and vertical upwind ranges of the source areas were 173—1858 m and-534—534 m,respectively under the stable stratification in the growing season,and they were slightly smaller than those under the stable stratification in the dormant season.In the wind directions of 0°—110° and 250°—360°,the upwind range of the source areas was larger under the stable stratification of the rubber plantation than but similar to those in the prevailing wind direction under the unstable stratification.
SERGEJ S Z, IGOR N E.Similarity theory and calculation of turbulent fluxes at the surface for the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2007, 125: 193-205.
[2]
RANNIK U, KERONEN P, HARI P, et al.Estimation of forest-atmosphere CO2 exchange by eddy covariance and profile techniques [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 126: 141-155.
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BALDOCCHI D D, HICKS B B, MEYERS T P.Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biological related gases with micrometeorological methods [J].Ecology, 1988, 69: 1331-1340.
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RUNNING S W, BALDOCCHI D D, TURNER D, et al.A global terrestrial monitoring network, scaling tower fluxes with ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data [J].Remote Sensing Environment, 1999, 70: 108-127.
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CURTIS P S, HANSON P J, BOLSTAD P, et al.Biometric and eddy covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002, 113: 3-19.
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GASHJ H C.A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1986, 35: 409-414.
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HAENEL H D, GRBNHAGE L.Footprint analysis: a closed analytical solution based on height dependent profiles of wind speed and eddy viscosity [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1999, 93: 395-409.
[11]
BALDOCCHI D, FALGE E, GU L H, et al.FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystemscale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities [J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82: 2415-2434.
[12]
PASQUILL F, SMITH F B.Atmospheric Diffusion [M].U K: West Sussex Press, 1983: 142.
[13]
SCHMID H P.Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1994, 67: 293-318.
[14]
SCHMID H P.Experimental design for flux measurements: matching the scales of observations and fluxes [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1997, 87: 179-200.
[15]
HORST T W.The footprint for estimation of atmosphere surface exchange fluxes by profile techniques [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1999, 90: 171-188.
[16]
KORMANN R, MEIXNER F X.An analytic footprint model for neutral stratification.Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 2001, 99: 207-224.
[17]
BALDOCCHI D.Flux footprints within and over forest canopies [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1997, 85: 273-292.
[18]
FLESCH T K.The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1996, 78: 399-404.
[19]
LECLERCM Y, SHEN S H, LAMB B.Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 1997, 102: 9323-9334.
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[22]
[23]
GRELLE A, LINDROTH A.Eddy-correlation system for long-term monitoring of fluxes of heat, water vapour and CO2[J].Global Change Biology, 1996, 2: 297-308.
[24]
AUBINET M, GRELLE A, IBROM A, et al.Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology [J].Advances in Ecological Research, 2000, 30: 113-175.
[25]
WEBB E K, PEARMAN G I, LEUNING R.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer [J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1980, 106: 85-100.
1. Danzhou Key Field Station of Observation and Research for Tropical Agricultural Resources and Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China;
2. Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, China;
Abstract: In order to analyze and control the quality of the rubber plantation flux observation data,the FSAM model(Flux-source Area Model) was used to calculate flux footprint and source areas according to the continuous flux measurement with the open-path eddy covariance system on the 50 m tower of the Ministry of Agriculture Danzhou Key Field Station of Observation and Research for Tropical Agricultural Resources and Environments from Jan.1 to Dec.31,2010.The spatial representative of flux measurement of the rubber plantations in Hainan Island,the south of China,was explained.Source areas of rubber plantation were found smaller under the unstable than under the stable atmospheric stratification.The source areas were larger in the growing season than in the dormant season at the same contribution level for the stable stratification,but they were smaller under the unstable stratification.In the main wind direction of 110°—250°,the upwind range of source areas of the rubber plantation was 100—758 m,and the vertical upwind range was-251—251 m at a 80% contribution level under the unstable stratification in the growing season,whereas the upwind and vertical upwind ranges were slightly larger than those under the unstable stratification in the dormant season.The upwind and vertical upwind ranges of the source areas were 173—1858 m and-534—534 m,respectively under the stable stratification in the growing season,and they were slightly smaller than those under the stable stratification in the dormant season.In the wind directions of 0°—110° and 250°—360°,the upwind range of the source areas was larger under the stable stratification of the rubber plantation than but similar to those in the prevailing wind direction under the unstable stratification.
WU Zhi-xiang, CHEN Bang-qian, YANG Chuan, TAO Zhong-liang, XIE Gui-shui, ZHOU Zhao-de. Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2012, 3(1): 42-50. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2012.01.014
Citation:
WU Zhi-xiang, CHEN Bang-qian, YANG Chuan, TAO Zhong-liang, XIE Gui-shui, ZHOU Zhao-de. Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2012, 3(1): 42-50. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2012.01.014
SERGEJ S Z, IGOR N E.Similarity theory and calculation of turbulent fluxes at the surface for the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 2007, 125: 193-205.
[2]
RANNIK U, KERONEN P, HARI P, et al.Estimation of forest-atmosphere CO2 exchange by eddy covariance and profile techniques [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2004, 126: 141-155.
[3]
BALDOCCHI D D, HICKS B B, MEYERS T P.Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biological related gases with micrometeorological methods [J].Ecology, 1988, 69: 1331-1340.
[4]
GOULDEN M L, MUNGER J W, FAN S W, et al.Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability [J].Science, 1996, 271: 1576-1578.
[5]
RUNNING S W, BALDOCCHI D D, TURNER D, et al.A global terrestrial monitoring network, scaling tower fluxes with ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data [J].Remote Sensing Environment, 1999, 70: 108-127.
[6]
CURTIS P S, HANSON P J, BOLSTAD P, et al.Biometric and eddy covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2002, 113: 3-19.
[7]
GUAN D X, WU J B, ZHAO X S, et al.CO2 fluxes over an old, temperate mixed forest in northeastern China [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2006, 137: 138-149.
[8]
GASHJ H C.A note on estimating the effect of a limited fetch on micrometeorological evaporation measurements [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1986, 35: 409-414.
[9]
HORST T W, WEIL J C.How far is far enough —the fetch requirement for micrometeorological measurement of surface fluxes [J].Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1994, 11: 1018-1025.
[10]
HAENEL H D, GRBNHAGE L.Footprint analysis: a closed analytical solution based on height dependent profiles of wind speed and eddy viscosity [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1999, 93: 395-409.
[11]
BALDOCCHI D, FALGE E, GU L H, et al.FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystemscale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities [J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2001, 82: 2415-2434.
[12]
PASQUILL F, SMITH F B.Atmospheric Diffusion [M].U K: West Sussex Press, 1983: 142.
[13]
SCHMID H P.Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes [J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1994, 67: 293-318.
[14]
SCHMID H P.Experimental design for flux measurements: matching the scales of observations and fluxes [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1997, 87: 179-200.
[15]
HORST T W.The footprint for estimation of atmosphere surface exchange fluxes by profile techniques [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1999, 90: 171-188.
[16]
KORMANN R, MEIXNER F X.An analytic footprint model for neutral stratification.Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 2001, 99: 207-224.
[17]
BALDOCCHI D.Flux footprints within and over forest canopies [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1997, 85: 273-292.
[18]
FLESCH T K.The footprint for flux measurements, from backward Lagrangian stochastic models [J].Boundary-Lay Meteorology, 1996, 78: 399-404.
[19]
LECLERCM Y, SHEN S H, LAMB B.Observations and large-eddy simulation modeling of footprints in the lower convective boundary layer [J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 1997, 102: 9323-9334.
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
GRELLE A, LINDROTH A.Eddy-correlation system for long-term monitoring of fluxes of heat, water vapour and CO2[J].Global Change Biology, 1996, 2: 297-308.
[24]
AUBINET M, GRELLE A, IBROM A, et al.Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology [J].Advances in Ecological Research, 2000, 30: 113-175.
[25]
WEBB E K, PEARMAN G I, LEUNING R.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer [J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1980, 106: 85-100.
[26]
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WU Zhi-xiang, CHEN Bang-qian, YANG Chuan, TAO Zhong-liang, XIE Gui-shui, ZHOU Zhao-de. Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2012, 3(1): 42-50. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2012.01.014
WU Zhi-xiang, CHEN Bang-qian, YANG Chuan, TAO Zhong-liang, XIE Gui-shui, ZHOU Zhao-de. Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology, 2012, 3(1): 42-50. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.2012.01.014