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Zhou Bin, Zhang Yueqing, Yang Xingmei, Ye Zhengpei, Chen Junyu, Fu Yueguan, Zhu Junhong, Zhang Fangping. Screening of chemical insecticides with high efficacy against Planococcus minor and safety for Cryptolaemus montrouzieri[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250189
Citation: Zhou Bin, Zhang Yueqing, Yang Xingmei, Ye Zhengpei, Chen Junyu, Fu Yueguan, Zhu Junhong, Zhang Fangping. Screening of chemical insecticides with high efficacy against Planococcus minor and safety for Cryptolaemus montrouzieri[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250189

Screening of chemical insecticides with high efficacy against Planococcus minor and safety for Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250189
  • Received Date: 2025-12-03
  • Accepted Date: 2026-01-15
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-01-09
  • Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) is one of the most important predatory natural enemies for controlling Planococcus minor (Maskell). To screen chemical insecticides with high efficacy against P. minor while maintaining safety for C. montrouzieri, six insecticides were selected for evaluation of their toxicity against adult female P. minor and fourth-instar larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri using dipping and filter paper contact methods. The safety to the natural enemy was assessed by using beneficial-harmful toxicity ratios and safety coefficients. The results showed that after 24-h treatment, the toxicity of six insecticides against P. minor females ranked from the highest to the lowest: acetamiprid 10% EC (LC50 = 3.918 mg·L−1) > sulfoxaflor 22% SC (LC50 =13.343 mg·L−1) > thiamethoxam 25% WG (LC50 =23.290 mg·L−1) > abamectin 1.8% EC (LC50 = 58.173 mg·L−1) > dinotefuran 20% SC (LC50 = 111.008 mg·L−1) > bifenthrin 25 g·L−1 EC (LC50 =141.131 mg·L−1). Sulfoxaflor 22% SC exhibited the lowest toxicity to both fourth-instar larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri, while abamectin 1.8% EC showed the highest toxicity to fourth-instar larvae and bifenthrin 25 g·L−1 EC demonstrated the highest toxicity to adult lady beetles. Based on beneficial-harmful toxicity ratios and safety coefficients, both acetamiprid 10% EC and sulfoxaflor 22% SC exhibited high toxicity against P. minor and low toxicity to C. montrouzieri. It is recommended that these two insecticides be used in rotation for mealybug control in the field to achieve synergistic pest management with high efficacy and natural enemy conservation.
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Screening of chemical insecticides with high efficacy against Planococcus minor and safety for Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

DOI: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250189

Abstract: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Mulsant) is one of the most important predatory natural enemies for controlling Planococcus minor (Maskell). To screen chemical insecticides with high efficacy against P. minor while maintaining safety for C. montrouzieri, six insecticides were selected for evaluation of their toxicity against adult female P. minor and fourth-instar larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri using dipping and filter paper contact methods. The safety to the natural enemy was assessed by using beneficial-harmful toxicity ratios and safety coefficients. The results showed that after 24-h treatment, the toxicity of six insecticides against P. minor females ranked from the highest to the lowest: acetamiprid 10% EC (LC50 = 3.918 mg·L−1) > sulfoxaflor 22% SC (LC50 =13.343 mg·L−1) > thiamethoxam 25% WG (LC50 =23.290 mg·L−1) > abamectin 1.8% EC (LC50 = 58.173 mg·L−1) > dinotefuran 20% SC (LC50 = 111.008 mg·L−1) > bifenthrin 25 g·L−1 EC (LC50 =141.131 mg·L−1). Sulfoxaflor 22% SC exhibited the lowest toxicity to both fourth-instar larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri, while abamectin 1.8% EC showed the highest toxicity to fourth-instar larvae and bifenthrin 25 g·L−1 EC demonstrated the highest toxicity to adult lady beetles. Based on beneficial-harmful toxicity ratios and safety coefficients, both acetamiprid 10% EC and sulfoxaflor 22% SC exhibited high toxicity against P. minor and low toxicity to C. montrouzieri. It is recommended that these two insecticides be used in rotation for mealybug control in the field to achieve synergistic pest management with high efficacy and natural enemy conservation.

Zhou Bin, Zhang Yueqing, Yang Xingmei, Ye Zhengpei, Chen Junyu, Fu Yueguan, Zhu Junhong, Zhang Fangping. Screening of chemical insecticides with high efficacy against Planococcus minor and safety for Cryptolaemus montrouzieri[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250189
Citation: Zhou Bin, Zhang Yueqing, Yang Xingmei, Ye Zhengpei, Chen Junyu, Fu Yueguan, Zhu Junhong, Zhang Fangping. Screening of chemical insecticides with high efficacy against Planococcus minor and safety for Cryptolaemus montrouzieri[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20250189
  • 大洋臀纹粉蚧(Planococcus minor)是一种重要的入侵害虫,已在全球60余个国家和地区发生危害[1] ,在热带、亚热带地区呈现显著的年际扩张态势[2]。中国自2007年将大洋臀纹粉蚧列为检疫性有害生物以来,已在广东、海南、云南等多地监测到该虫的种群[3]。大洋臀纹粉蚧是一种多食性害虫,寄主植物达250余种,可危害柑橘(Citrus reticulata)、芒果(Mangifera indica)、榴莲(Durio zibethinus)等多种热带经济作物[4]。该虫以成虫和若虫刺吸寄主植物,导致植物的水分和养分大量流失,引发树势衰弱、枝叶干枯等症状,严重时造成植物整株死亡,同时,虫体排泄的蜜露易诱发煤污病;此外,该虫体表分泌的蜡质覆盖物还为病原菌及次生性害虫提供微生态环境,形成“虫害—病害—微生物”三重危害链[5]。当前,对粉蚧的防治仍以化学防治为主,常用药剂包括毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉等有机磷类、菊酯类和烟碱类药剂[6]。这些农药虽具速效性优势,但长期使用会导致害虫抗药性上升、非靶标生物种群衰退及防治成本增加等问题[78]。因此,在防治粉蚧时,应注重选用对非靶标生物(例如优势天敌)安全、低毒的化学药剂,以实现害虫的绿色、可持续防控[9]

    孟氏隐唇瓢虫(Cryptolaemus montrouzieri)是一种捕食性天敌[10],对粉蚧、蜡蚧、木虱、粉虱等科的多种害虫均表现出显著捕食效能[11]。目前,孟氏隐唇瓢虫已在多个国家被成功应用于粉蚧的生物防治[12]。中国于1955年将孟氏隐唇瓢虫从苏联引入到广州,随后开展了生物学研究,并通过释放孟氏隐唇瓢虫防治吹绵蚧(Icerya purchasi),且获得良好控害效果[13]。据报道,孟氏隐唇瓢虫对大洋臀纹粉蚧具有较强的捕食能力,且对粉蚧低龄若虫的控害显著高于高龄若虫及成虫,并且孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫对大洋臀纹粉蚧成虫的捕食潜能大于瓢虫成虫的捕食能力,是防治大洋臀纹粉蚧的优势天敌[14],可在大洋臀纹粉蚧的绿色防控中发挥重要作用。但在田间粉蚧化学防治过程中,如果药剂选择不当,则会削弱孟氏隐唇瓢虫的生态控害作用,例如马拉硫磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、毒死蜱等杀虫剂已被证实对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的存活具有显著不利影响[15]。近年来常用烟碱类、磺酰亚胺类等农药防治粉蚧类害虫,但综合考虑这类农药对大洋臀纹粉蚧的具体毒性及对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的安全性研究鲜有报道。为此,本研究测定了6种常用杀虫剂对大洋臀纹粉蚧及其天敌孟氏隐唇瓢虫的毒力,评估了各类常用药剂对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的安全性,旨在筛选出对大洋臀纹粉蚧高效、对孟氏隐唇瓢虫低风险的药剂,为提升化学防治与生物防治的协同控害效果提供科学依据。

    • 大洋臀纹粉蚧采集于中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所儋州试验基地的橡胶苗木上,在实验室内[温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光周期 L : D=14 h : 10 h]用南瓜(蜜本)作为寄主植物连续繁殖数代备用,其繁育过程在严格的隔离条件下进行。

      孟氏隐唇瓢虫的虫源引自中山大学,在中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所儋州实验室内[温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光周期 L : D=14 h : 10 h]以寄主植物为南瓜的柑橘臀纹粉蚧(Planococcus citri)为食,连续繁育数代备用。

    • 选用生产上防治介壳虫常用的6种杀虫剂:10%啶虫脒乳油(河北安格诺农化有限公司)、22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮液(美国陶氏益农公司)、25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂(瑞士先正达作物保护有限公司)、1.8%阿维菌素乳油(河北威远生物化工有限公司)、20%呋虫胺悬浮剂(上海沪联生物药业夏邑股份有限公司)、25g/L联苯菊酯乳油(山东金秋利生物科技有限公司)。

    • 大洋臀纹粉蚧的毒力测定采用浸渍法[16]。各供试药剂在预备试验的基础上,配制成不同浓度梯度溶液备用:1)啶虫脒40、20、10、5、2.5、1.25 mg · L−1;氟啶虫胺腈80、40、20、10、5、2.5 mg · L−1;噻虫嗪160、80、40、20、10、5 mg · L−1;阿维菌素200、100、50、25、12.5、6.25 mg · L−1;呋虫胺1000、500、250、125、62.5、31.25 mg · L−1;联苯菊酯1000、500、250、125、62.5、31.25 mg · L−1;2)挑选大小均一、活力好的大洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫30头,置于南瓜切块上(长 × 宽 × 厚 = 2 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm);3)待粉蚧稳定后,将带有粉蚧的南瓜块用纱网罩住后放在供试药液中浸渍10 s。浸渍结束后,取出并斜置 5 s 沥去浸渍液;4)将经药液处理过的雌成虫及南瓜切块静置在培养皿(直径9 cm)内,置于人工气候箱[温度(27 ± 1)℃、相对湿度75% ± 5%、光周期L : D=14 h : 10 h]内;5)24 h后,以毛笔轻触虫体,虫体不动即视为死亡。记录大洋臀纹粉蚧死亡情况,实验重复4次,以清水处理作为对照。

    • 选取孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫、3日龄成虫作为测试对象。毒力测定采用滤纸接触法[16]:1)在预备试验的基础上,将供试药剂用蒸馏水配制成6个浓度梯度溶液(表1);2)将直径为9 cm的滤纸平铺于培养皿(直径9 cm)内,用移液枪取0.5 mL表1中各梯度供试药液,并依次将药液滴于滤纸表面,每种药液仅滴在一张滤纸上;3)待滤纸完全浸湿后,分别取10头活力良好的孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫或成虫放入各培养皿中的滤纸上,盖上皿盖;4)将带虫培养皿置于人工气候箱[温度(27 ± 1)℃、相对湿度75% ± 5%、光周期L : D=14 h : 10 h]内;5)24 h后,取出培养皿,检查孟氏隐唇瓢虫的存活情况,以试虫不能正常爬行视为死亡,记录死亡数。试验6次重复,以清水处理作为对照。

      测试天敌
      Test enemies
      药剂
      Insecticide
      浓度梯度/(mg · L−1
      Concentration gradient/(mg · L−1
      孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫
      Fourth-instar larvae
      of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
      啶虫脒
      Acetamiprid
      1400、700、350、175、87.5、43.25
      氟啶虫胺腈
      Sulfoxaflor
      12000600030001500、750、375
      噻虫嗪
      Thiamethoxam
      1000、500、250、125、62.5、31.25
      阿维菌素
      Abamectin
      50、25、12.5、6.25、3.125、1.5625
      呋虫胺
      Dinotefuran
      80004000、2000、1000、500、250
      联苯菊酯
      Bifenthrin
      200、100、50、25、12.5、6.25
      孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫
      Adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
      啶虫脒
      Acetamiprid
      1800、900、450、225、112.5、56.25
      氟啶虫胺腈
      Sulfoxaflor
      12000600030001500、750、375
      噻虫嗪
      Thiamethoxam
      30001500、750、375、187.5、93.25
      阿维菌素
      Abamectin
      1000、500、250、125、62.5、31.25
      呋虫胺
      Dinotefuran
      80004000、2000、1000、500、250
      联苯菊酯
      Bifenthrin
      200、100、50、25、12.5、6.25

      Table 1.  Insecticide concentrations for toxicity testing against Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

    • 根据试验所得数据,计算6种杀虫剂处理大洋臀纹粉蚧和孟氏隐唇瓢虫24 h后的死亡率和校正死亡率,依据校正死亡率利用IBM SPSS Statistics 27计算出6种杀虫剂对上述试虫的毒力、毒力回归方程及95%置信区间,95%置信区间不重叠时表明参数之间差异显著。计算供试药剂的相对毒力指数及每种药剂的益害毒性比和安全系数,依据安全系数(r)(极高风险性:r ≤ 0.5、高风险性:0.05 < r ≤ 0.5、中等风险性:0.5 < r ≤ 5、低风险性:r > 5)进行风险评价[1718]。死亡率、校正死亡率、相对毒力指数、安全系数、益害毒性比计算公式[16,19]

      相对毒力指数(公式3)中,标准药剂为试验中LC50最高的药剂,其毒力指数基准值设置为1[20]

    • 6种杀虫剂对大洋臀纹粉蚧雌成虫的毒力差异显著(表2)。LC50值由低到高依次为10%啶虫脒 < 22%氟啶虫胺腈 < 25%噻虫嗪 < 1.8%阿维菌素 < 20 %呋虫胺 < 25 g·L−1联苯菊酯。相对毒力指数以10%啶虫脒最高(36.02),是22%氟啶虫胺腈相对毒力指数(10.58)的3.41倍,是25%噻虫嗪相对毒力指数(6.06)的5.94倍。1.8%阿维菌素、20%呋虫胺的相对毒力指数较低,分别为2.43、1.27。

      药剂
      Insecticide
      LC50(95%置信区间)
      mg · L−1
      LC50(95% confidence interval)
      回归方程
      Regression equation
      R2 相对毒力指数
      Index of relative
      toxicity
      啶虫脒 Acetamiprid 3.918(3.508 ~ 4.349) y=−1.01 + 1.70x 0.950 36.02
      氟啶虫胺腈 Sulfoxaflor 13.343(11.589 ~ 15.340) y=−1.29 + 1.15x 0.937 10.58
      噻虫嗪 Thiamethoxam 23.290(21.040 ~ 25.722) y=−1.73 + 1.26x 0.976 6.06
      阿维菌素 Abamectin 58.173(49.540 ~ 69.284) y=−2.62 + 1.49x 0.978 2.43
      呋虫胺 Dinotefuran 111.008(91.264 ~ 132.768) y=−2.71 + 1.33x 0.956 1.27
      联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 141.131(118.228 ~ 167.164) y=−3.00 + 1.39x 0.966 1.00
        注:以LC50最高的药剂相对毒力指数为1,则其余药剂的相对毒力指数为最高LC50除以该药剂的LC50,下同。
        Note: The relative toxicity index of the insecticide with the highest LC50 is set as 1; the relative toxicity index of each remaining pesticide is then calculated as the highest LC50 divided by the LC50 of that insecticide, similarly hereinafter.

      Table 2.  Toxicity of six insecticides to the adult females of Planococcus minor

    • 6种杀虫剂对孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫LC50值由低到高依次为:1.8%阿维菌素 < 25 g·L−1联苯菊酯 < 25%噻虫嗪 < 10%啶虫脒 < 20%呋虫胺 < 22%氟啶虫胺腈。相对毒力指数以1.8%阿维菌素最高(321.62),其次为25 g·L−1联苯菊酯(92.81),22%氟啶虫胺腈相对毒力指数最低(1.00),说明1.8%阿维菌素对孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫的毒力最强,其次为25 g·L−1联苯菊酯,22%氟啶虫胺腈毒力最弱(表3)。

      药剂
      Insecticide
      LC50(95%置信区间)
      mg · L−1
      LC50(95% confidence interval)
      回归方程
      Regression equation
      R2 相对毒力指数
      Index of relative
      toxicity
      啶虫脒 Acetamiprid 479.597(388.935 ~ 609.792) y=−4.14 + 1.56x 0.903 6.99
      氟啶虫胺腈 Sulfoxaflor 3351.8792689.7584282.931 y=−5.02 + 1.43x 0.911 1.00
      噻虫嗪 Thiamethoxam 266.991(216.493 ~ 335.931) y=−3.85 + 1.60x 0.934 12.55
      阿维菌素 Abamectin 10.422(8.566 ~ 12.784) y=−1.70 + 1.65x 0.938 321.62
      呋虫胺 Dinotefuran 2239.4111789.5982877.327 y=−4.98 + 1.49x 0.943 1.50
      联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 36.114(31.323 ~ 41.604) y=−3.54 + 2.30x 0.916 92.81

      Table 3.  The toxicity of six insecticides to the 4th-instar larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

    • 6种杀虫剂对孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫LC50值由低到高依次为25 g·L−1联苯菊酯< 10%啶虫脒 < 1.8%阿维菌素 < 25%噻虫嗪 < 20%呋虫胺 < 22%氟啶虫胺腈。相对毒力指数以25 g·L−1联苯菊酯最高(96.80),其次为10%啶虫脒(10.81),22%氟啶虫胺腈相对毒力指数最低(1.00),说明25 g·L−1联苯菊酯毒力最强,22%氟啶虫胺腈毒力最弱(表4)。

      药剂
      Insecticide
      LC50(95%置信区间)
      mg · L−1
      LC50(95% confidence interval)
      回归方程
      Regression equation
      R2 相对毒力指数
      Index of relative
      toxicity
      啶虫脒 Acetamiprid 277.461(232.728 ~ 329.883) y=−4.69 + 1.91x 0.912 10.81
      氟啶虫胺腈 Sulfoxaflor 3000.3342375.6433873.34 y=−4.93 + 1.42x 0.946 1.00
      噻虫嗪 Thiamethoxam 674.891(551.143 ~ 834.379) y=−4.47 + 1.59x 0.940 4.45
      阿维菌素 Abamectin 342.105(282.690 ~ 423.284) y=−4.17 + 1.66x 0.918 8.77
      呋虫胺 Dinotefuran 2200.6631722.2282906.261 y=−4.49 + 1.35x 0.923 1.36
      联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 30.996(26.916 ~ 35.680) y=−3.50 + 2.39x 0.922 96.80

      Table 4.  The toxicity of six insecticides to Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

    • 6种杀虫剂对孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫的安全系数由高到低依次为,22%氟啶虫胺腈>20%呋虫胺> 10%啶虫脒> 25%噻虫嗪> 25 g·L−1 联苯菊酯 > 1.8%阿维菌素;益害毒性比由高到低依次为,22%氟啶虫胺腈(251.21)> 10%啶虫脒(122.41)> 20%呋虫胺(20.17)> 25%噻虫嗪(11.46)> 25 g·L−1 联苯菊酯(0.26)> 1.8%阿维菌素(0.18)。依据农药对天敌昆虫安全性风险分级标准,22 %氟啶虫胺腈、20 %呋虫胺和 10 %啶虫脒对孟氏隐唇瓢虫 4 龄幼虫属低风险药剂,25 %噻虫嗪、1.8 %阿维菌素和25 g·L−1 联苯菊酯属中等风险药剂(表5)。

      药剂
      Insecticide
      田间推荐剂量/(mg·L−1
      Recommended dosage in the field/(mg·L−1
      安全系数
      Safety coefficient
      益害毒性比
      Toxicity ratio
      啶虫脒 Acetamiprid 25 ~ 33.33 9.18~14.39 122.41
      氟啶虫胺腈 Sulfoxaflor 36.67 ~ 48.89 68.56 ~ 91.41 251.21
      噻虫嗪 Thiamethoxam 50 ~ 62.5 4.27 ~ 5.34 11.46
      阿维菌素 Abamectin 6 ~ 12 0.87 ~ 1.74 0.18
      呋虫胺 Dinotefuran 166.67 ~ 200 11.20 ~ 13.44 20.17
      联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 25 ~ 31.25 1.16 ~ 1.44 0.26
        注:田间推荐剂量来源自中国农药信息网(http://www.icama.org.cn/
        Note: The recommended field doses cited in this study were retrieved from the China Pesticide Information Network (http://www.icama.org.cn).

      Table 5.  Safety evaluation of six insecticides for the 4th - instar Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

    • 6种杀虫剂对孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫的安全系数由高到低依次为,22%氟啶虫胺腈> 1.8% 阿维菌素> 20%呋虫胺> 25%噻虫嗪> 10%啶虫脒> 25 g·L−1 联苯菊酯;益害毒性比由高到低依次为,22%氟啶虫胺腈(224.86)> 10%啶虫脒(70.82)> 25%噻虫嗪(28.98)> 20%呋虫胺(19.82)> 1.8%阿维菌素(5.88)> 25 g·L−1 联苯菊酯(0.22)。依据农药安全性风险评价指标,10 %啶虫脒、22 %氟啶虫胺腈、25 %噻虫嗪、1.8 %阿维菌素及20 %呋虫胺对孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫属低风险药剂,而25 g·L−1 联苯菊酯属中等风险药剂(表6)。

      药剂
      Insecticide
      田间推荐剂量/(mg·L−1
      Recommended dosage in the field/(mg·L−1
      安全系数
      Safety coefficient
      益害毒性比
      Toxicity ratio
      啶虫脒 Acetamiprid 25 ~ 33.33 8.32 ~ 11.10 70.82
      氟啶虫胺腈 Sulfoxaflor 36.67 ~ 48.89 61.37 ~ 81.82 224.86
      噻虫嗪 Thiamethoxam 50 ~ 62.5 10.80 ~ 13.50 28.98
      阿维菌素 Abamectin 6 ~ 12 28.51 ~ 57.02 5.88
      呋虫胺 Dinotefuran 166.67 ~ 200 11.00 ~ 13.20 19.82
      联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 25 ~ 31.25 0.99 ~ 1.24 0.22
        注:田间推荐剂量来源自中国农药信息网(http://www.icama.org.cn
        Note: The recommended field doses cited in this study were retrieved from the China Pesticide Information Network (http://www.icama.org.cn).

      Table 6.  Safety Evaluation of Six Insecticides to the adult of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

    • 啶虫脒属新烟碱类杀虫剂,兼具触杀和胃毒作用,且具有较强的渗透性。该药剂对柑橘棘粉蚧(Pseudococcus cryptus)、扶桑绵粉蚧(Phenacoccus solenopsis)具有较强的室内毒力[2122],在田间对多种粉蚧也表现出持续而稳定的防效[2324]。本研究中,啶虫脒对大洋臀纹粉蚧具有较好的杀虫活性(LC50 = 3.918 mg · L−1),其结果与邵炜冬等[6]关于啶虫脒对同种粉蚧具有良好毒性的报道相一致,表明啶虫脒可作防治大洋臀纹粉蚧的高效药剂。同时,本试验结果表明啶虫脒对天敌昆虫孟氏隐唇瓢虫的毒性较低;该药剂对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的成虫和4龄幼虫的益害毒性比分别为70.82和122.41,说明啶虫脒对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的安全性较高。本研究结果还表明,氟啶虫胺腈也对大洋臀纹粉蚧表现出较高的毒力(LC50 = 13.343 mg · L−1),相对毒力指数是联苯菊酯的10.58倍,说明氟啶虫胺腈对大洋臀纹粉蚧有较好的敏感性,本结果与文献[2527]报道的研究结论一致,即氟啶虫胺腈对双条拂粉蚧(Ferrisia virgata)、新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes)、柑桔矢尖蚧(Unaspis yanonensis)等蚧类害虫有较高的毒力或田间防治效果,这表明氟啶虫胺腈对多种粉蚧具有较高的毒性,可作为粉蚧的应急防控药剂。氟啶虫胺腈对非靶标天敌孟氏隐唇瓢虫4龄幼虫和成虫的安全系数均远高于最高安全系数5,这与尚娇等[28]报道的氟啶虫胺腈对十一星瓢虫(Coccinella undecimpunctata)、异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)及龟纹瓢虫(Propylaea japonica)安全性较高的结论相似,说明氟啶虫胺腈不仅对大洋臀纹粉蚧防效良好,而且对捕食性瓢虫也相对安全。本试验结果还发现氟啶虫胺腈对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的LC50远低于上述尚娇等[28]报道的3种瓢虫的LC50,这是由于不同种类的瓢虫对药剂敏感性的差异还是不同地区天敌受药程度不同等原因所致,有待进一步探讨。

      相比之下,本研究发现联苯菊酯与阿维菌素则表现出较高的非靶标风险。联苯菊酯是供试药剂中对孟氏隐唇瓢虫成虫毒性最高的药剂(LC50 = 30.996 mg ·L−1)。联苯菊酯对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的成虫和4龄幼虫的益害毒性比分别为0.22和0.26,这说明联苯菊酯对孟氏隐唇瓢虫是一种风险较高的杀虫剂。这可能是因为联苯菊酯为典型的拟除虫菊酯类广谱杀虫剂,对节肢动物缺乏作用靶点专一性,为此对捕食性瓢虫表现出高毒性[29]。阿维菌素对大洋臀纹粉蚧的LC50为58.173 mg · L−1,在6种供试杀虫剂中表现为中等毒性水平,但该药对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的成虫和4龄幼虫均表现出明显不同的毒性效应[成虫的LC50值(342.105 mg · L−1)显著高于4龄幼虫(10.422 mg ·L−1)],这说明阿维菌素对孟氏隐唇瓢虫幼虫具有较高风险。本试验结果与杨思瑶等[30]报道的阿维菌素对异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的较强毒力(LC50 = 4.271 mg ·L−1),与王秀梅等[31]关于异色瓢虫幼虫期对阿维菌素敏感性较高的研究结论相吻合。瓢虫的成虫和幼虫间的敏感性差异产生的原因可能是因为阿维菌素具有强脂溶性而易穿透昆虫体壁[32],而幼虫期昆虫体壁发育尚未完善,比成虫更易受药剂影响。因此,在田间防治实践中,建议严格监控孟氏隐唇瓢虫的种群动态,在瓢虫幼虫发生高峰期应避免使用阿维菌素。

    • 22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和10%啶虫脒乳油对大洋臀纹粉蚧有较高的杀虫活性,并对孟氏隐唇瓢虫的毒性低,安全性高,可作为大洋臀纹粉蚧综合治理中的优先推荐药剂。鉴于长期单一使用同种杀虫剂可能导致害虫产生抗药性,建议在田间应用时采用轮换施药策略,以延缓抗药性发展。在实际防治过程中,需结合孟氏隐唇瓢虫的生活史规律,避免在其成虫和幼虫活动高峰期施药,以减少对天敌种群的负面影响。通过科学用药和生物防治的协同管理,可实现有效控制靶标害虫的同时最大限度的保护天敌昆虫资源。

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