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XU Guoliang, ZHOU Zhiguang, WU Xiaogang, Tang Zhongbin, ZENG Xiaohui, WANG Chuixiang. Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (Acanthaceae ), a new variety from Jiangxi ,China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20240198
Citation: XU Guoliang, ZHOU Zhiguang, WU Xiaogang, Tang Zhongbin, ZENG Xiaohui, WANG Chuixiang. Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (Acanthaceae ), a new variety from Jiangxi ,China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20240198

Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (Acanthaceae ), a new variety from Jiangxi ,China

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20240198
  • Received Date: 2024-12-25
  • Accepted Date: 2025-12-01
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-02-14
  • In order to have a better picture of the plant resources of Danxia landform in Jiulian mountain, southern Jiangxi Province a survey was made of the plant resources min Danxia landform by using the line transect method. Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta G. L. Xu , which is a new variety of Justicia, was found in Xiao Wudang Mountain scenic spot, Longnan City. This variety differs from J. quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson in stem, both surfaces of blade, bracts, and outer parts of calyx and corolla tubes which are spread white hispid 1~3 mm long. J. championii are retrorsely pubescent or glabrescent on the stem, pubescent or glabrescent on both surfaces of blade, pubescent on the bracts, petiole, and outer parts of the calyx and corolla tube. Therefore, this variety is easy to distinguish from J. quadrifaria, and phylogenetic analysis also supports the division of this variety. The discovery of this variety further enriches the species diversity of this genus, and also provides a new reference for the development and utilization of this genus.
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Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (Acanthaceae ), a new variety from Jiangxi ,China

doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20240198

Abstract: In order to have a better picture of the plant resources of Danxia landform in Jiulian mountain, southern Jiangxi Province a survey was made of the plant resources min Danxia landform by using the line transect method. Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta G. L. Xu , which is a new variety of Justicia, was found in Xiao Wudang Mountain scenic spot, Longnan City. This variety differs from J. quadrifaria (Nees) T. Anderson in stem, both surfaces of blade, bracts, and outer parts of calyx and corolla tubes which are spread white hispid 1~3 mm long. J. championii are retrorsely pubescent or glabrescent on the stem, pubescent or glabrescent on both surfaces of blade, pubescent on the bracts, petiole, and outer parts of the calyx and corolla tube. Therefore, this variety is easy to distinguish from J. quadrifaria, and phylogenetic analysis also supports the division of this variety. The discovery of this variety further enriches the species diversity of this genus, and also provides a new reference for the development and utilization of this genus.

XU Guoliang, ZHOU Zhiguang, WU Xiaogang, Tang Zhongbin, ZENG Xiaohui, WANG Chuixiang. Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (Acanthaceae ), a new variety from Jiangxi ,China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20240198
Citation: XU Guoliang, ZHOU Zhiguang, WU Xiaogang, Tang Zhongbin, ZENG Xiaohui, WANG Chuixiang. Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (Acanthaceae ), a new variety from Jiangxi ,China[J]. Journal of Tropical Biology. doi: 10.15886/j.cnki.rdswxb.20240198
  • 广义的爵床属Justicia L.是爵床科Acanthaceae最大的属,全球约有600种[1]。该属的花冠二唇形,上唇具花柱槽,雄蕊2枚,药室一上一下,下方一室有尾状附属物,花粉粒桶形,具2个萌发孔,胚珠常4枚,这些形态特征易与爵床科的其他属相区别[2]。分子系统学研究表明,该属并非单系,有学者主张将该属划分成几个独立的属[3]。Graham[4]将该属划分为16个组,其中sect. Harnieria的形态识别特征为花序腋生缩短,苞片叶状,蒴果棒状,种子表皮具疣状突起。杜根藤J. championii T. Anderson和圆苞杜根藤J. quadrifaria(Nees)T. Anderson均为该组的成员[4],鉴于二者形态非常相似,邓云飞等[5]在《Flora of Pan-Himalaya》中将圆苞杜根藤处理为杜根藤的异名。

    2022年,笔者在江西南部丹霞地貌的植物科考中,发现一种形态接近圆苞杜根藤和杜根藤的植物[2],但是其全株被1~3 mm的长硬毛,与二者均明显不同。经过连续3年的观测,发现无论其幼株和成熟植株,毛被特征均十分稳定。进一步对叶绿体基因组序列进行系统发育分析,结果验证了我们的推测,即该种群虽与圆苞杜根藤和杜根藤近缘,但与二者均存在一定分化。经过查阅文献资料[614],本研究团队将该种处理为杜根藤的一个变种。鉴于圆苞杜根藤和杜根藤曾经是不同的分类单元,为了更好探讨三者间的关系,暂沿用FOC中圆苞杜根藤的拉丁名,系统发育分析中同时考虑了三者,并对三者的形态特征进行了详细的比较。

    • 2022—2024 年,对该未知种群进行了连续3年的监测和观察。在野外对该种群进行了植物摄影,测量了数量性状。对CVH(https://www.cvh.ac.cn/)和GBIF(https://www.gbif.org/)上提供的爵床属物种的数字照片和标本照片进行了系统比较。

    • DNA提取采用新型植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(北京美吉桑格生物医药科技有限公司生产)[15];使用Illumina MiSeqDx测序仪(中国因美纳科学器材有限公司生产)进行双端测序;使用Nikon D750单反相机(日本尼康株式会社生产)对形态进行拍摄记录。使用游标卡尺(江苏昆山市九星五金电器有限公司)进行数量性状测量。从野外该种群中随机选取2个植株(间隔>2 km)的新鲜叶片,并从江西庐山采集了圆苞杜根藤的2个不同居群植株(间隔>2 km)的叶片。采集的组织放入硅胶中干燥保存,选取0.3 g的干燥叶片,使用改良的CTAB法提取总DNA[15]。叶绿体基因组测序服务由天津万相奇科技有限公司提供。使用Fastp软件处理测序获得的原始数据,除去过多的N序列和接头序列,输出大小约为1 000 M的clean data,使用getOrganelle v 1.7.6.1组装clean data[16]。以杜根藤Justicia quadrifaria作为参考序列,使用叶绿体基因组在线注释网站CPGAVAS2(http://47.96.249.172/analyzer/home)进行注释[16]。在NBCI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)网站中将组装好的该种群和圆苞杜根藤的叶绿体全基因系列进行在线Blast,根据全基因相似度(一致性)结果从GenBank网站中下载了13种爵床属植物的叶绿体全基因系列,并下载了曲枝马蓝Strobilanthes dalzielii(W. W. Sm.)Benoist 的序列数据作为外类群[17]表1列出了本研究中所使用的物种和GenBank登录号产地标本号序列相似度和保存的标本馆[16]

      序号 Code 分类群 Taxon 产地 Locality 标本馆 Herbarium 凭证标本
      Voucher specimen
      GenBank序列登录号
      GenBank accession number
      序列长度/bp
      Sequence length/bp
      序列相似度*/%
      Sequence consistency*/%
      1 Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta(1) 中国江西
      Jiangxi,China
      SYS XWG20240810 151309 -
      2 J. quadrifaria var. hirsuta(2) 中国江西
      Jiangxi,China
      SYS XWG20240810 151414 100
      3 J. championii(1) 中国江西
      Jiangxi,China
      LBG XGL0801 151261 99.79
      4 J. championii(2) 中国江西
      Jiangxi,China
      LBG XGL0801 140423 99.79
      5 J. quadrifaria 中国广东
      Guangdong, China
      IBSC D27165 MN848243 151739 99.43
      6 J. mollissima 中国云南
      Yunnan, China
      IBSC HSN18042412 MN848247 150513 98.39
      7 J. procumbens 中国湖南
      Hunan,China
      IBSC D27198 MN848245 150471 98.26
      8 J. demissa 中国海南
      Hainan,China
      IBSC D2576 MN885664 150208 98.74
      9 J. vagabunda 中国广东
      Guangdong, China
      IBSC s.n.5 MN848250 151247 98.05
      10 J. flava 沙特阿拉伯塔伊夫
      Taif, Saudi Arabia
      TNS a.n.l.4 MK548577 150888 97.89
      11 J. adhatoda 中国广东
      Guangdong, China
      IBSC s.n.4 MN848249 149503 95.66
      12 J. betonica 中国广东
      Guangdong, China
      IBSC D27189 MN848244 151005 98.25
      13 J. gendarussa 中国广东
      Guangdong, China
      IBSC s.n.10 MN848252 149735 95.88
      14 J. grossa 中国云南
      Yunnan, China
      IBSC s.n.8 MN848251 150496 98.26
      15 J. patentiflora 中国云南
      Yunnan, China
      IBSC HSN8042412 MN848248 149018 93.66
      16 J. latiflora 中国湖南
      Hunan,China
      IBSC D27241 MN848246 148374 97.42
      17 J. lianshanica 中国广东
      Guangdong, China
      IBSC Nzy01 MN885665 148574 97.14
      18 Strobilanthes dalzielii 中国江西
      Jiangxi,China
      LBG JLSQZJL230601 NC_084379 144580 96.68
        注:带“*”列表示与Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta(1)的序列相似度。
        Note: Columns with “*” indicate “sequence consistency” to Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta (1).

      Table 1.  Voucher specimens information, GenBank accession numbers, sequence length and sequence consistency of 16 taxa of complete chloroplast gene sequence

    • 通过MAFFT v.7.017在线比对软件将新获得的叶绿体全基因系列数据以及来自GenBank中的14个物种的序列数据进行Alignment[18],手动校正并删除两端没对齐的序列,通过Mega V. 11.0.13软件使用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)和邻接法(neighbor joining, NJ)两种方法进行系统发育分析并重建了16个爵床科分类单元的系统发育树,两种方法均采用重复10 000次超快自展分析(ultrafast bootstrap)检验准确度,考虑到各分类单元的系列相似度比较高,采用系统默认的Tamura-Nei碱基替换模型[19]

    • 该种群两个个体叶绿体全基因总长分别为151 309 bp和151 414 bp,表1列出了该种群和爵床科其他物种的相似度,由表1可知该种群和圆苞杜根藤相似度最高,为99.79%;其次为杜根藤,为99.43%。ML和NJ两种方法对16个分类单元叶绿体全基因系列数据矩阵的系统发育分析树的拓扑结构一致。从图1中可知,该种群的2个个体和圆苞杜根藤的2个个体构成姐妹群(超快自展支持率均为100%),二者构成的姐妹分枝再和杜根藤聚为一枝(超快自展支持率均为100%)。系统发育分析表明该种群和圆苞杜根藤﹑根藤均有一定的遗传距离,分别为0.001 2和0.002 9,支持该种群划分为不同的分类单元(图1)。

      Figure 1.  Phylogenetic tree of 16 taxa of Acanthaceae based on the chloroplast genome

    • 长毛杜根藤(新变种)(图2-A—G)

      Figure 2.  Morphological comparison of Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta, J. quadrifaria and J. championii

      Justicia quadrifaria(Nees)T. Anderson var. hirsuta G. L. Xu, var. nov. Fig. 1

      Type: China(中国),Jiangxi Province(江西省),Longnan City(龙南市),Wudang Township (武当镇),XiaoWudang Scenic Spot(小武当风景区),Danxia landform shade wet place(丹霞地貌阴湿处),altitude 685m,10 August 2024, G. L. Xu(徐国良)XWG20240810(Holotype: SYS!)

      该种群和圆苞杜根藤﹑杜根藤的主要区别在于,前者的茎﹑叶柄﹑叶片两面﹑苞片﹑萼片和花冠筒外面均被1~3 mm的白色开展长硬毛;而后二者的茎被倒向易脱落的短柔毛,叶片两面被易脱落的短柔毛;叶柄﹑苞片﹑萼片和花冠筒外面均被短柔毛[1,11]图2 –H—P)。三者的形态特征区别详见表2[1,7,11]

      长毛杜根藤
      Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsute
      圆苞杜根藤
      J. championii
      杜根藤
      J. quadrifaria

      Stem
      被开展的2~3 mm长硬毛
      Covered with 2–3 mm long spread stiff hairs
      被长约1 mm的倒向短柔毛
      Covered with ca. 1 mm long retrorse pubescence
      被长约1 mm的易脱落倒向短柔毛
      Covered with ca. 1 mm long retrorse pubescence or glabrescence
      叶片先端
      Leaf apex
      钝或尾状
      obtuse or caudate
      钝或渐尖
      obtuse or acuminate
      渐尖
      acuminate
      叶片两面毛被
      Indumentumof both
      leaf surfaces
      被开展的2~3 mm长硬毛
      Covered with 2–3 mm long spread stiff hairs
      被易脱落的0.5~1 mm长的短柔毛
      Coveedr with 0.5–1 mm long pubescence or glabrescent
      被易脱落的0.5~1 mm长的短柔毛
      Covered with 0.5–1 mm long pubescence or glabrescent
      叶片大小
      Leaf size
      (4.5~7.5) × (1.5~3.5) cm (1~10.5) × (0.5~3.5) cm (6~8) × (1~3.5)cm
      侧脉/cm
      Secondary veins/cm
      5~6 6~7 5~7
      叶柄
      Petiole
      4~10 mm长,被开展的2~3 mm长硬毛
      4–10 mm long, covered with 2–3mm long spread stiff hairs
      5~15 mm长,被长约0.5~1 mm的倒向短柔毛
      5–15 mm long, covered with 0.5–1mm long retrorse pubescence
      4~25 mm长,被长约0.5~1 mm的倒向短柔毛
      4–25 mm long, covered with 0.5–1mm long retrorse pubescence
      苞片
      Bracts
      卵圆形,倒卵形或倒卵状匙形,长3~12 mm,宽 2~8 mm, 两面被开展的1~3 mm长硬毛
      Ovate, obovate, or obovate-spatulate, 3–12 × 2–8 mm, both surfaces covered with 1–3 mm long spread stiff hairs
      圆形,倒卵形或倒卵状匙形,长5~11mm,宽 2~6 mm, 两面被长约0.5~1 mm的短柔毛或光滑
      Circular, obovate, or obovate-spatulate,5–11 × 2–6 mm, both surfaces covered with 0.5–1 mm long pubescence or glabrous
      卵形,倒卵状圆形,长3~8mm, 宽3~5 mm,两面被长约0.5mm的短柔毛或光滑

      Oval, obovate-circular, 3–8 × 3–5 mm, both surfaces covered with ca. 0.5 mm long pubescence or glabrous
      萼裂片
      Calyx lobes
      长5~8mm,外侧被开展的2~3 mm长硬毛
      5–8 mm long, outer part covered with 2–3mm long spread stiff hairs
      长6~7mm,外侧被长约1mm短柔毛
      6–7 mm long, outer part covered with ca. 1mm long pubescence
      长5~6mm,外侧被长约1mm短柔毛
      5–6 mm long, outer part covered with ca. 1mm long pubescence
      花冠筒
      Corolla tube
      外侧被1~2 mm长柔毛
      Outer part covered with 1–2 mm long villi
      外侧被长0.5~1mm短柔毛
      Outer part covered with 0.5–1mm long pubescence
      外侧被长0.5~1mm短柔毛
      Outer part covered with 0.5–1mm long pubescence
      生境
      Habitat
      丹霞地貌
      Danxia landform
      酸性土壤
      Acid soil area
      酸性土壤
      Acid soil area

      Table 2.  Comparison of Justicia quadrifaria var. hirsuta, J. championii and J. quadrifaria

      形态描述:多年生草本。茎近4棱形,具槽,密被开展的2~3 mm长白色长硬毛。叶片㮋圆形或卵形,草绿色,长4.5~7.5 cm,宽1.5~3.5 cm,先端钝或尾状,基部楔形并下延,边缘疏具小齿,两面被2~3 mm的白色开展长硬毛;叶柄长0.4~1.0 cm,密被开展的2~3 mm长白色长硬毛。花序腋生;苞片卵形,倒卵圆形或倒卵状匙形,先端常凹缺,长3~12 mm,宽2~8 mm,具2~4 mm短柄,具2~3对侧脉,两面被1~3 mm的白色开展长硬毛;小苞片线形,近无毛,长约1mm。花萼5裂至基部,裂片条状披针形,长5~8 mm,外侧被1~3 mm的白色开展长硬毛,内侧无毛。花冠白色,长8~10 mm,唇部具红色斑点,外侧被1~2 mm的白色长柔毛,内侧疏被短柔毛;下唇长约4 mm,宽约3 mm,先端3浅裂;上唇长圆形,直立,先端2浅裂;雄蕊2,花药2室,外侧具短柔毛,上下叠生,下方药室基部具距;花柱长约5 mm,疏被短柔毛。蒴果长约8 mm;种子卵形,被疣状突起。花果期7~11月。

      保护等级评估:本研究团队在江西省龙南市武当镇小武当景区发现1个居群,成熟个体300~400株,周边较多的小苗,散布在约2 000 m2的范围,伴生种有庐山香科科Teucrium pernyi Franch.、石香薷Mosla chinensis Maxim.、卷柏Selaginella tamariscina(P. Beauv.)Spring、香薷状香简草Keiskea elsholtzioides Merr.等丹霞地貌岩生植物。因此,考虑到该物种生境暂时受风景区管理机构保护,且成熟个体和更新苗数量较多,根据 IUCN 红色名录类别和标准,将其评估为近危物种(NT)[20]

    • 杜根藤和圆苞杜根藤国内广泛分布于华南、华东、西南及华中地区,国外主要分布于缅甸、泰国、越南、印度等国家。Deng等[3]和Tong等[7]观察了国内外大量杜根藤和圆苞杜根藤的标本,认为该二种形态非常相似,无法分开,故将圆苞杜根藤归类为杜根藤的异名[3,7]。中国植物志和FOC等文献中描述二者的形态区别主要是苞片形状和叶形不一样。本研究团队仔细比较了二者的模式标本(图3),并比较了PPBC(https:ppbc.iplant.cn//)和GBIF(https://www.gbif.org/)等主流数据库中各地产的杜根藤和圆苞杜根藤的生态和标本照片,认为二者的区别仅限于数量性状,形态变异范围是重合的,即使同一居群杜根藤或圆苞杜根藤的叶形都可随个体所处的生境和龄期的不同而不同,圆苞杜根藤和杜根藤种群中苞片形状可表现多样,卵圆形、㮋圆形、倒卵状匙形、倒卵状圆形的均非常常见。因此,本研究团队认同Deng等的观点,将圆苞杜根藤归类为杜根藤的异名。

      Figure 3.  Type specimen photograph of Justicia quadrifaria and J. championii

      PPBC(https:ppbc.iplant.cn//)和GBIF(https://www.gbif.org/)等官方网站中包含了国内外不同产地的杜根藤和圆苞杜根藤照片,但是其毛被和长毛杜根藤的均有明显区别。此外,和以往大多数爵床属新分类群的发表不一样的是[69],本研究团队还从分子生物学角度证实了长毛杜根藤与杜根藤、圆苞杜根藤均存在一定的遗传距离。鉴于圆苞杜根藤已被合并到杜根藤中,将长毛杜根藤处理为杜根藤的1个变种。该变种可能是模式变种长期适应特殊生境产生的遗传变异,其生境和种群分布状况有待进一步研究。爵床属植物许多种类都是重要的中药材[21],该变种的发现进一步丰富了该属植物的物种多样性,也可为该类植物的开发利用提供新的参考。

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