[1] Yoshida S, Cui S K, Ichihashi Y, et al. The haustorium, a specialized invasive organ in parasitic plants [J]. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2016, 67(1): 643−667. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111702 doi:  10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111702
[2] 李倩. 中国寄生被子植物的多样性、分布及生态[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2019. https://doi.org/10.27245/d.cnki.gnjsu.2019.001052
[3]

Nickrent D L. Parasitic angiosperms: how often and how many? [J]. Taxon, 2020, 69(1): 5−27. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12195 doi:  10.1002/tax.12195
[4]

Scalon M C, Heilmeier H, Rossatto D R. Plant-plant parasitism: trends in the last 50 years and a call for papers for a special issue in Flora [J]. Flora, 2024, 310: 152438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2023.152438 doi:  10.1016/j.flora.2023.152438
[5]

Savov S, Marinova B, Teofanova D, et al. Parasitic plants—potential vectors of phytopathogens [J]. Pathogens, 2024, 13(6): 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060484 doi:  10.3390/pathogens13060484
[6]

Hegenauer V, Körner M, Albert M. Plants under stress by parasitic plants [J]. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2017, 38: 34−41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 doi:  10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006
[7]

Hartley S E, Green J P, Massey F P, et al. Hemiparasitic plant impacts animal and plant communities across four trophic levels [J]. Ecology, 2015, 96(9): 2408−2416. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1244.1 doi:  10.1890/14-1244.1
[8]

Teixeira-Costa L, Davis C C. Life history, diversity, and distribution in parasitic flowering plants [J]. Plant Physiology, 2021, 187(1): 32−51. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab279 doi:  10.1093/plphys/kiab279
[9]

Kirschner G K, Xiao T T, Jamil M, et al. A roadmap of haustorium morphogenesis in parasitic plants [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2023, 74(22): 7034−7044. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad284 doi:  10.1093/jxb/erad284
[10] 周峰, 陈君, 徐荣, 等. 根寄生植物种子萌发刺激物研究进展[J]. 植物生态学报, 2009, 33(3): 607−616. https://doi.org/10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.020 doi:  10.3773/j.issn.1005-264x.2009.03.020
[11] 黄新亚, 管开云, 李爱荣. 寄生植物的生物学特性及生态学效应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2011, 30(8): 1838−1844. https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.2011.0278 doi:  10.13292/j.1000-4890.2011.0278
[12]

Bouwmeester H, Li C S, Thiombiano B, et al. Adaptation of the parasitic plant lifecycle: germination is controlled by essential host signaling molecules [J]. Plant Physiology, 2021, 185(4): 1292−1308. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa066 doi:  10.1093/plphys/kiaa066
[13]

Nelson D C. The mechanism of host-induced germination in root parasitic plants [J]. Plant Physiology, 2021, 185(4): 1353−1873. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab043 doi:  10.1093/plphys/kiab043
[14]

CHANG M, LYNN D G. The haustorium and the chemistry of host recognition in parasitic angiosperms [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1986, 12(2): 561−579. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01020572 doi:  10.1007/bf01020572
[15]

Cui S K, Wada S, Tobimatsu Y, et al. Host lignin composition affects haustorium induction in the parasitic plants Phtheirospermum japonicum and Striga hermonthica [J]. New Phytologist, 2018, 218(3): 710−723. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15033 doi:  10.1111/nph.15033
[16]

Cui S K, Takeda-Kimura Y, Wakatake T, et al. Striga hermonthica induces lignin deposition at the root tip to facilitate prehaustorium formation and obligate parasitism [J]. Plant Communications, 2025, 6(5): 101294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101294 doi:  10.1016/j.xplc.2025.101294
[17]

Jhu M Y, Farhi M, Wang L, et al. Heinz-resistant tomato cultivars exhibit a lignin-based resistance to field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) parasitism [J]. Plant Physiology, 2022, 189(1): 129−151. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac024 doi:  10.1093/plphys/kiac024
[18]

Li L L, Su L, Zhao R X, et al. Sunflower HaWRKY29 dampens Orobanche cumana parasitism via transcriptional activation of HaLAC17 and lignin deposition [J]. Plant Physiology, 2026, 200(3): kiag038. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiag038 doi:  10.1093/plphys/kiag038
[19]

Xiang L, Cui S K, Saucet S B, et al. Glucosylation of endogenous haustorium-inducing factors underpins kin avoidance in parasitic plants [J]. Science, 2025, 390(6771): 405−410. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adx8220 doi:  10.1126/science.adx8220
[20] 卞展, 刘小金, 洪舟, 等. 檀香小G蛋白Rac1基因的克隆与功能分析[J]. 西北植物学报, 2021, 41(1): 46−51. https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2021.01.0046 doi:  10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2021.01.0046
[21]

Meng S, Bian Z, Wang S K, et al. SaRac1, a small GTPase, plays an essential role in haustorium development in the root parasite sandalwood (Santalum album) [J]. Tree Physiology, 2025, 45(12): tpaf147. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaf147 doi:  10.1093/treephys/tpaf147
[22]

Aoki N. Cui S K. Yoshida S. Cytokinins induce prehaustoria coordinately with quinone signals in the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica [J]. Plant and Cell Physiology, 2022, 63(10): 1446−1456. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcac130 doi:  10.1093/pcp/pcac130
[23]

ISHIDA J K, WAKATAKE T, YOSHIDA S, et al. Local auxin biosynthesis mediated by a YUCCA Flavin monooxygenase regulates haustorium development in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum [J]. The Plant Cell, 2016, 28(8): 1795−1814. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.16.00310 doi:  10.1105/tpc.16.00310
[24]

Tomilov A A, Tomilova N B, Abdallah I, et al. Localized hormone fluxes and early haustorium development in the hemiparasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor [J]. Plant Physiology, 2005, 138(3): 1469−1480. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.057836 doi:  10.1104/pp.104.057836
[25]

Pan L M, Wan L Y, Song L S, et al. Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insights into the development of haustorium in Taxillus chinensis (DC. ) danser [J]. BioMed Research International, 2022, 2022: 9567647. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9567647 doi:  10.1155/2022/9567647
[26]

Gurney A L, Grimanelli D, Kanampiu F, et al. Novel sources of resistance to Striga hermonthica in Tripsacum dactyloides, a wild relative of maize [J]. New Phytologist, 2003, 160(3): 557−568. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00904.x doi:  10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00904.x
[27]

Pielach A, Leroux O, Domozych D S, et al. Arabinogalactan protein-rich cell walls, paramural deposits and ergastic globules define the hyaline bodies of rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae haustoria [J]. Annals of Botany, 2014, 114(6): 1359−1373. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu121 doi:  10.1093/aob/mcu121
[28]

Irving L J, Cameron D D. You are what you eat: interactions between root parasitic plants and their hosts [J]. Advances in Botanical Research, 2009, 50: 87−138.
[29]

Heide-Jørgensen H S. Parasitic flowering plants [M]. Boston: Brill, 2008: 1−438. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004167506.i-438
[30]

Makaza W, En-Nahli Y, Amri M. Harnessing plant resistance against Striga spp. parasitism in major cereal crops for enhanced crop production and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review [J]. Food Security, 2023, 15(5): 1127−1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01345-9 doi:  10.1007/s12571-023-01345-9
[31]

Huang X Y, Zhang Y B, Scalon M C, et al. Survival secrets of mistletoes: high drought tolerance in canopy habitats [J]. Tree Physiology, 2025, 45(7): tpaf071. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaf071 doi:  10.1093/treephys/tpaf071
[32]

Press M C, Graves J D, Stewart G R. Transpiration and carbon acquisition in root hemiparasitic angiosperms [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1988, 39(8): 1009−1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/39.8.1009 doi:  10.1093/jxb/39.8.1009
[33]

Kim G, Westwood J H. Macromolecule exchange in Cuscuta–host plant interactions [J]. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2015, 26: 20−25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.012 doi:  10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.012
[34]

Smith J D, Mescher M C, De Moraes C M. Implications of bioactive solute transfer from hosts to parasitic plants [J]. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2013, 16(4): 464−472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.016 doi:  10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.016
[35]

Péron T, Candat A, Montiel G, et al. New insights into phloem unloading and expression of sucrose transporters in vegetative sinks of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel) [J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 7: 2048. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.02048 doi:  10.3389/fpls.2016.02048
[36]

Jiang F, Veselova S, Veselov D, et al. Cytokinin flows from hordeum vulgare to the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and the influence of infection on host and parasite cytokinins relations [J]. Functional Plant Biology, 2005, 32(7): 619−629. https://doi.org/10.1071/fp04168 doi:  10.1071/fp04168
[37]

Lu J K, Kang L H, Sprent J I, et al. Two-way transfer of nitrogen between Dalbergia odorifera and its hemiparasite Santalum album is enhanced when the host is effectively nodulated and fixing nitrogen [J]. Tree Physiology, 2013, 33(5): 464−474. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt024 doi:  10.1093/treephys/tpt024
[38]

Yoshida S, Maruyama S, Nozaki H, et al. Horizontal gene transfer by the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica [J]. Science, 2010, 328(5982): 1128. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1187145 doi:  10.1126/science.1187145
[39]

Zhang D L, Qi J F, Yue J P, et al. Root parasitic plant Orobanche aegyptiaca and shoot parasitic plant Cuscuta australis obtained Brassicaceae-specific strictosidine synthase-like genes by horizontal gene transfer [J]. BMC Plant Biology, 2014, 14: 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-14-19 doi:  10.1186/1471-2229-14-19
[40]

Calvin C L, Wilson C A. Epiparasitism in Phoradendron durangense and P. falcatum (Viscaceae) [J]. Aliso, 2009, 27(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.5642/Aliso.20092701.02 doi:  10.5642/Aliso.20092701.02
[41] 蒋若衍. 中国寄生被子植物的分布及其与寄主的关系[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2021.
[42]

Bowie M, Ward D. Water and nutrient status of the mistletoe Plicosepalus acaciae parasitic on isolated Negev Desert populations of Acacia raddiana differing in level of mortality [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2004, 56(3): 487−508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00067-3 doi:  10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00067-3
[43]

Ehleringer J R, Schulze E D, Ziegler H, et al. Xylem-tapping mistletoes: water or nutrient parasites? [J]. Science, 1985, 227(4693): 1479−1481. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.227.4693.1479 doi:  10.1126/science.227.4693.1479
[44]

Schulze E D, Ehleringer J R. The effect of nitrogen supply on growth and water-use efficiency of xylem-tapping mistletoes [J]. Planta, 1984, 162(3): 268−275. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00397449 doi:  10.1007/bf00397449
[45]

Seel W E, Cooper R E, Press M C. Growth, gas exchange and water use efficiency of the facultative hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor associated with hosts differing in foliar nitrogen concentration [J]. Physiologia Plantarum, 1993, 89(1): 64−70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01787.x doi:  10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01787.x
[46]

Kim C W, An C H, Lee H S, et al. Proximate and mineral components of Viscum album var. coloratum grown on eight different host tree species [J]. Journal of Forestry Research, 2019, 30(4): 1245−1253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0730-6 doi:  10.1007/s11676-018-0730-6
[47]

Service P M. Heterogeneity in individual mortality risk and its importance for evolutionary studies of senescence [J]. The American Naturalist, 2000, 156(1): 1−13. https://doi.org/10.1086/303371 doi:  10.1086/303371
[48]

Barhoumi Z, Atia A, Hussain A A, et al. Host–hemiparasite Acacia gerrardii –Phragmanthera austroarabica relationship: physiological and biochemical aspects [J]. Phytoparasitica, 2025, 53(4): 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-025-01300-8 doi:  10.1007/s12600-025-01300-8
[49]

Press M C, Phoenix G K. Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities [J]. New Phytologist, 2005, 166(3): 737−751. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x doi:  10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x
[50]

Cameron D D, Coats A M, Seel W E. Differential resistance among host and non-host species underlies the variable success of the hemi-parasitic plant Rhinanthus minor [J]. Annals of Botany, 2006, 98(6): 1289−1299. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl218 doi:  10.1093/aob/mcl218
[51]

Dörr I. How Striga parasitizes its host: a TEM and SEM study [J]. Annals of Botany, 1997, 79(5): 463−472. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0385 doi:  10.1006/anbo.1996.0385
[52]

Cirocco R M, Facelli J M, Watling J R. Does nitrogen affect the interaction between a native hemiparasite and its native or introduced leguminous hosts? [J]. New Phytologist, 2017, 213(2): 812−821. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14181 doi:  10.1111/nph.14181
[53] 高发明. 云杉矮槲寄生的发生特征分析及其对青杄光合与蒸腾作用的影响[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2014.
[54]

Govier R N, Nelson M D, Pate J S. Hemiparasitic nutrition in angiosperms [J]. New Phytologist, 1967, 66(2): 285−297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb06006.x doi:  10.1111/j.1469-8137.1967.tb06006.x
[55]

Těšitel J, Plavcová L, Cameron D D. Interactions between hemiparasitic plants and their hosts [J]. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2010, 5(9): 1072−1076. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.9.12563 doi:  10.4161/psb.5.9.12563
[56]

Rigling A, Eilmann B, Koechli R, et al. Mistletoe-induced crown degradation in Scots pine in a xeric environment [J]. Tree Physiology, 2010, 30(7): 845−852. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq038 doi:  10.1093/treephys/tpq038
[57]

Scalon M C, Wright I J. Leaf trait adaptations of xylem-tapping mistletoes and their hosts in sites of contrasting aridity [J]. Plant and Soil, 2017, 415(1): 117−130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3151-3 doi:  10.1007/s11104-016-3151-3
[58]

Zhang Y B, Corrêa Scalon M, Liu J X, et al. You are what you eat: nutrient and water relations between mistletoes and hosts [J]. New Phytologist, 2023, 238(2): 567−583. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18747 doi:  10.1111/nph.18747
[59]

Radomiljac A M, Mccomb J A, Pate J S. Gas exchange and water relations of the root hemi-parasite Santalum album L. in association with legume and non-legume hosts [J]. Annals of Botany, 1999, 83(3): 215−224. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0815 doi:  10.1006/anbo.1998.0815
[60]

Těšitel J, Li A R, Knotková K, et al. The bright side of parasitic plants: what are they good for? [J]. Plant Physiology, 2021, 185(4): 1309−1324. https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiaa069 doi:  10.1093/plphys/kiaa069
[61]

Heide-Jørgensen H S, Kuijt J. Epidermal derivatives as xylem elements and transfer cells: a study of the host-parasite interface in two species of Triphysaria (Scrophulariaceae) [J]. Protoplasma, 1993, 174(3): 173−183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01379049 doi:  10.1007/BF01379049
[62]

Miller A C, Watling J R, Overton I C, et al. Does water status of Eucalyptus largiflorens (Myrtaceae) affect infection by the mistletoe Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae)? [J]. Functional Plant Biology, 2003, 30(12): 1239−1247. https://doi.org/10.1071/fp03117 doi:  10.1071/fp03117
[63]

Koenig W D, Knops J M H, Carmen W J, et al. Effects of mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum) on California oaks [J]. Biology Letters, 2018, 14(6): 20180240. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0240 doi:  10.1098/rsbl.2018.0240
[64]

Yan C F, Gessler A, Rigling A, et al. Effects of mistletoe removal on growth, N and C reserves, and carbon and oxygen isotope composition in Scots pine hosts [J]. Tree Physiology, 2016, 36(5): 562−575. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw024 doi:  10.1093/treephys/tpw024
[65]

Zhang Y B, Huang X Y, Corrêa Scalon M, et al. Mistletoes have higher hydraulic safety but lower efficiency in xylem traits than their hosts [J]. New Phytologist, 2025, 245(2): 607−624. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20257 doi:  10.1111/nph.20257
[66]

Jiang F, Jeschke W D, Hartung W. Abscisic acid (ABA) flows from Hordeum vulgare to the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and the influence of infection on host and parasite abscisic acid relations [J]. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2004, 55(406): 2323−2329. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erh240 doi:  10.1093/jxb/erh240
[67]

Světlíková P, Hájek T, Těšitel J. Water-stress physiology of Rhinanthus alectorolophus, a root-hemiparasitic plant [J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(8): e0200927. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200927 doi:  10.1371/journal.pone.0200927
[68]

Reid N, Yan Z G, Fittler J. Impact of mistletoes (Amyema miquelii) on host (Eucalyptus blakelyi and Eucalyptus melliodora) survival and growth in temperate Australia [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1994, 70(1/3): 55−65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90074-4 doi:  10.1016/0378-1127(94)90074-4
[69]

Watson D M, Mclellan R C, Fontúrbel F E. Functional roles of parasitic plants in a warming world [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 2022, 53(1): 25−45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331 doi:  10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102320-115331
[70]

Hettenhausen C, Li J, Zhuang H, et al. Stem parasitic plant Cuscuta australis (dodder) transfers herbivory-induced signals among plants [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, 114(32): E6703−E6709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704536114 doi:  10.1073/pnas.1704536114
[71]

Song J, Bian J G, Xue N, et al. Inter-species mRNA transfer among green peach aphids, dodder parasites, and cucumber host plants [J]. Plant Diversity, 2022, 44(1): 1−10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2021.03.004 doi:  10.1016/j.pld.2021.03.004
[72]

Li Z S, Wang S K, Meng S, et al. Haustorium connection between parasitic Santalum album (sandalwood) and herbivore-damaged Dalbergia odorifera mediates the associational effect to an enhanced herbivory resistance in neighboring sandalwood [J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2025, 229: 121046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121046 doi:  10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.121046
[73]

Těšitel J, Mládek J, Horník J, et al. Suppressing competitive dominants and community restoration with native parasitic plants using the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus and the dominant grass Calamagrostis epigejos [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 54(5): 1487−1495. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12889 doi:  10.1111/1365-2664.12889
[74]

Knotková K, Těšitelová T, Knotek A, et al. Biocontrol by a native hemiparasite: rapid suppression of noxious invasive plants in a field experiment [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2025, 62(12): 3514−3524. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.70183 doi:  10.1111/1365-2664.70183
[75]

Gobena D, Shimels M, Rich P J, et al. Mutation in sorghum low germination stimulant 1 alters strigolactones and causes Striga resistance [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, 114(17): 4471−4476. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618965114 doi:  10.1073/pnas.1618965114
[76]

Shi J Y, Mei C, Ge F Y, et al. Resistance to Striga parasitism through reduction of strigolactone exudation [J]. Cell, 2025, 188(7): 1955−1966. e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.01.022 doi:  10.1016/j.cell.2025.01.022
[77]

Bao G S, Song M L, Wang Y Q, et al. Does Epichloë endophyte enhance host tolerance to root hemiparasite? [J]. Microbial Ecology, 2021, 82(1): 35−48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01496-8 doi:  10.1007/s00248-020-01496-8
[78]

Li A R, Guan K Y, Stonor R, et al. Direct and indirect influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phosphorus uptake by two root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species: do the fungal partners matter at low colonization levels? [J]. Annals of Botany, 2013, 112(6): 1089−1098. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct177 doi:  10.1093/aob/mct177
[79]

Sui X L, Zhang T, Tian Y Q, et al. A neglected alliance in battles against parasitic plants: arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses alleviate damage to a legume host by root hemiparasitic Pedicularis species [J]. New Phytologist, 2019, 221(1): 470−481. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15379 doi:  10.1111/nph.15379