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有关潜水旅游对珊瑚礁影响的研究始于20世纪80年代。早期研究认为,与以商业为目的捕捞生物和采集珊瑚等活动相比,休闲潜水是经济效益高且对珊瑚礁影响较小的海洋生态旅游项目[1]。TALGE虽然发现了美国佛罗里达州(Florida)的潜水员每周会直接接触该地4%~6%的活珊瑚,但在当时认为这种行为不会对珊瑚造成永久性伤害[2]。然而随着各地潜水活动强度的增加[3],越来越多研究表明,超过生态承受能力的潜水活动和其他水下娱乐项目会给珊瑚带来严重影响[4-7],且受损珊瑚的比例与潜水频率呈显著的正相关[8-9]。近年来,全球潜水区的珊瑚礁出现不同程度的退化:在加勒比海、红海、澳大利亚大堡礁、印度西海岸和马来西亚热浪岛(Redang)、巴雅岛(Payar)等高强度潜水地点的活珊瑚覆盖率下降,珊瑚受磨损痕迹明显,且出现大量的珊瑚断枝[10-12]。红海超过50%的珊瑚群落因潜水项目开发和其他污染而出现大面积白化[4],特别是其北部潜水区埃拉特(Eilat)因每年有超过25万次的潜水活动,导致该地珊瑚受损尤为严重。而佛罗里达州的珊瑚礁区作为全球热门潜水胜地[13],随着游客数量的逐年增加,该地超过80%的珊瑚群落受到破坏,高频率潜水地点的活珊瑚覆盖率甚至降到11%以下[14]。
各地潜水旅游区每年接纳的游客数量远远超出预估的珊瑚礁承载能力[15]。SALM认为潜水区的生态承载力可以用珊瑚礁不出现明显退化时每年可接待的游客数量来表示[16],后人在研究中大多采用了该衡量方法。HAWKINS和ROBERTS发现潜水员对珊瑚礁造成的影响与潜水强度之间的关系可能呈J型或S型曲线[17]:J型曲线,即当潜水活动强度较低时,对珊瑚礁造成的负面影响不大,然而一旦超过临界水平,影响程度将迅速上升;S型曲线,即受损的珊瑚群落数量先呈指数增长,之后珊瑚礁生态系统将长期维持不良状态。
通过视频样带分析,研究者建立了潜水活动强度与珊瑚覆盖率之间的负相关关系,从而将澳大利亚东部、博奈尔岛(Bonaire)、埃拉特、索德瓦纳湾(Sodwana Bay)和圣卢西亚(St. Lucia)等潜水区的生态承载力确定为每年最多接待4 000~7 000名游客[4,18]。也有研究者通过建立潜水游客人数与珊瑚受损率之间的曲线关系,将生态承载极限认定为珊瑚受损害程度显著增加的转折点。SCHLEYER 和TOMALIN认为当索德瓦纳湾每年承受7 000次潜水活动时,珊瑚受损概率增加20%和10%的可能性分别为25%和40%;倘若每年发生10 000次潜水活动,将导致受损概率增加相同比例的可能性提升至45%和70%,因此认为该地每年最多接纳7 000名左右的潜水游客[18]。ZHANG通过建立马来西亚马布岛(Mabul)潜水游客数量与石珊瑚破损率之间的函数关系,认为若该地每年接待15 600~16 800名潜水游客将有利于珊瑚礁保护[19]。此外,有研究结果表明,当受到游客破坏的石珊瑚数量超过该区域珊瑚总量的4%时,就需要加强对珊瑚礁区的管理和维护。
A Review of Impact of Diving Tourism on Coral Reef Ecosystem
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摘要: 早期潜水活动曾被认为是一种经济价值高且对珊瑚礁影响较小的生态旅游项目,但随着潜水旅游逐渐盛行,诸多研究结果表明,全世界潜水区的珊瑚礁均出现了不同程度的退化,一些热门潜水旅游区每年接纳的游客数量甚至远超出珊瑚礁的生态承受极限。笔者对与珊瑚礁生态系统与潜水旅游承载能力相关的研究结果进行了统计分析,总结了潜水活动影响珊瑚礁的主要因素,归纳了其对珊瑚、珊瑚礁鱼类、底栖生物群落及珊瑚礁生态系统造成的影响。建议未来可将室内模拟实验与野外宏观数据相结合,建立潜水活动对珊瑚影响程度的评价指标,明确不同珊瑚礁区对于潜水等水下娱乐项目的承载能力,并加强潜水活动对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究。Abstract: Scuba diving is considered as an ecotourism activity with high economic value, which has little impact on coral reefs in the early days. However, as diving tourism has become increasingly popular recently many studies have shown that the coral reef degradation is exacerbating in the diving areas around the world for the reason that the times of diving each year in some intensive diving areas greatly exceed the ecological carrying capacity of coral reefs. A review was made of the researches on the ecological carrying capacity of coral reefs for diving tourism and the main factors of diving tourism affecting coral reefs, and the impacts of diving activities on corals, coral fishes, benthic communities and coral reef ecosystem were summarized. Some suggestions for future research were made based on the review. It is highly advisable to identify the ecological carrying capacity of coral reefs in different areas for diving tourism, combine indoor simulation with the field monitoring and observation, and make a systematic research on the impact of tourism on the coral reef system other marine organisms.
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Key words:
- coral reef /
- coral conversation /
- diving tourism /
- human activity /
- ecological carrying capacity
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