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浮萍(Lemna minor L.)是一种水生生物,共5属37种[1-3],在温热带地区可以常年生长,生长繁殖快,2~7 d可以繁殖1代。由(3~6) mm×(2~4) mm的叶状体和长2~5 cm、直径小于0.5 mm的1条细根组成,叶状体呈绿色,背面有时呈紫色[4]。有些种则仅有叶状体,是世界上最小的单子叶开花植物[5-7]。浮萍科植物具有无性和有性两种生殖方式,在适合生长的环境下,成熟株体以分生新芽孢的方式进行繁殖,繁殖速率为指数增长模式。浮萍在温度低于5 ℃时进入休眠状态,如越冬前在其夹囊或开口内生椭圆形的冬芽,脱离母体沉入水底,第2年当温度回升后重新生长,再浮出水面形成新的植株[8-10]。一般3月下旬至4月底为浮萍生长高峰期,之后其生长速度和生物量趋于稳定[11]。浮萍能够吸收大量的氮磷元素,具有净化污水的作用,也可降解水中重金属等有毒物质[12]。此外,浮萍所含蛋白质、淀粉以及黄酮类物质,能够用于饲料加工、新能源开发和制造药品[13-18]。同时,在农业生产中也可以防止氮素流失提供农田氮素利用率[19-20]。浮萍科植物生长速度快,富含生物蛋白质和淀粉,具有较高的氮磷、有机物和重金属的吸附转移能力。浮萍作为一种新型环境及能源植物,逐渐受到广泛关注,而前人对浮萍在农业生产上尤其是与水稻共生互作方面的研究较少且存在争议。因此,笔者以浮萍植物为论述对象,综述其在多个领域中的研究价值,为更全面地开发浮萍植物提供参考。
Application Value and Comprehensive Utilization of Duckweed
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摘要: 浮萍科植物生长速度快,富含生物蛋白质和淀粉,具有较高的氮磷、有机物和重金属的吸附转移能力。浮萍作为一种新型环境及能源植物,逐渐受到广泛关注,而前人对浮萍在农业生产上尤其是与水稻共生互作方面的研究较少且存在争议。因此,笔者综述了浮萍在植物修复、饲料加工、能源生产及药用价值等方面的研究概况和应用前景,为更全面地开发浮萍植物提供参考。Abstract: Duckweed is a new environmental and energy plant and gradually receives public attention. Duckweed plants grow fast, and is abundant in biological protein and starch with a high capacity of adsorption and transfer of nitrogen and phosphorus, organic matter and heavy metals. Duckweed is well reported to be used not only as a phytoremediation agent with good effect and low cost, but also as raw materials for feed and bio-energy, while a little research is documented on duckweed in agricultural production like paddy rice in their symbiosis and synergism. Some researches showed that duckweed had different influences on paddy rice in different growing seasons, had an inhibitory effect on rice rejuvenation at the transplanting stage and at the tillering and joint stage, and could inhibit the volatilization of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) in the paddy field, which was beneficial to rice growth and yield. The research and development of duckweed as phytoremediation agent, feed, energy and medicine were reviewed, and prospects of comprehensive utilization of duckweed and research of duckweed in paddy field were proposed.
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Key words:
- duckweed /
- sewage treatment /
- feeding value /
- energy value /
- medicinal value /
- agriculture value
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